Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI0357(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI0357
Peptide sequence	LAMA
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Leu-Ala-Met-Ala

Single-letter amino acid

LAMA

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
405.2 Da	404.51 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

1062 uM

pIC₅₀

-3.026

GRAVY

2.3250^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Milk whey protein
Precursor protein	β-Lactoglobulin
Residue position	f(22-25)
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0115 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-lactoglobulin Source.2: DFBPPR0816 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aspartyl protease 25 Source.3: DFBPPR0842 ---- Plant proteins ---- BTB/POZ domain and ankyrin repeat-containing protein NPR1 Source.4: DFBPPR0937 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glutamate synthase 1 [NADH], chloroplastic Source.5: DFBPPR0976 ---- Plant proteins ---- 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.6: DFBPPR1044 ---- Plant proteins ---- Neutral ceramidase Source.7: DFBPPR1278 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ureidoglycolate hydrolase Source.8: DFBPPR1283 ---- Plant proteins ---- Arsenate reductase 2.1 Source.9: DFBPPR1330 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable bifunctional riboflavin biosynthesis protein RIBA 2, chloroplastic Source.10: DFBPPR1355 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable GTP diphosphokinase CRSH3, chloroplastic Source.11: DFBPPR1441 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine protease 1 Source.12: DFBPPR1469 ---- Plant proteins ---- Apoptosis inhibitor 5-like protein API5 Source.13: DFBPPR1500 ---- Plant proteins ---- Succinate--CoA ligase [ADP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.14: DFBPPR1766 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ethylene receptor 4 Source.15: DFBPPR1845 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative laccase-17 Source.16: DFBPPR1889 ---- Plant proteins ---- Laccase-18 Source.17: DFBPPR1914 ---- Plant proteins ---- Xanthine dehydrogenase Source.18: DFBPPR2009 ---- Plant proteins ---- Laccase-14 Source.19: DFBPPR2040 ---- Plant proteins ---- Laccase-3 Source.20: DFBPPR2052 ---- Plant proteins ---- Laccase-23 Source.21: DFBPPR2139 ---- Plant proteins ---- Receptor homology region, transmembrane domain- and RING domain-containing protein 2 Source.22: DFBPPR2312 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable GTP diphosphokinase RSH3, chloroplastic Source.23: DFBPPR2358 ---- Plant proteins ---- Germin-like protein 8-11 Source.24: DFBPPR2442 ---- Plant proteins ---- Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger 1c Source.25: DFBPPR2592 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase CMT2 Source.26: DFBPPR2654 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 714C1 Source.27: DFBPPR2667 ---- Plant proteins ---- Germin-like protein 3-1 Source.28: DFBPPR2772 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 44 Source.29: DFBPPR2803 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 5 Source.30: DFBPPR2993 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-glucosidase 5 Source.31: DFBPPR3122 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable GTP diphosphokinase RSH2, chloroplastic Source.32: DFBPPR3341 ---- Plant proteins ---- Transcriptional adapter ADA2 Source.33: DFBPPR3380 ---- Plant proteins ---- Vacuolar iron transporter homolog 1 Source.34: DFBPPR3468 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XBOS34 Source.35: DFBPPR3521 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem II reaction center W protein, chloroplastic Source.36: DFBPPR3524 ---- Plant proteins ---- Vacuolar iron transporter homolog 4 Source.37: DFBPPR3621 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 714C3 Source.38: DFBPPR3698 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sugar transport protein MST2 Source.39: DFBPPR3744 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 64 Source.40: DFBPPR3747 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine proteinase inhibitor 12 Source.41: DFBPPR3777 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 38 Source.42: DFBPPR3831 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 12 Source.43: DFBPPR3843 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 14 Source.44: DFBPPR3850 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 73 Source.45: DFBPPR3855 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 66 Source.46: DFBPPR4086 ---- Plant proteins ---- Endoglucanase 5 Source.47: DFBPPR4096 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome c biogenesis protein CCS1, chloroplastic Source.48: DFBPPR4126 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 75 Source.49: DFBPPR4386 ---- Plant proteins ---- WUSCHEL-related homeobox 5 Source.50: DFBPPR4391 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maltose excess protein 1-like, chloroplastic Source.51: DFBPPR4570 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 2C1 Source.52: DFBPPR4748 ---- Plant proteins ---- BURP domain-containing protein 11 Source.53: DFBPPR4932 ---- Plant proteins ---- Two-component response regulator ORR30 Source.54: DFBPPR5184 ---- Plant proteins ---- Omega-6 fatty acid desaturase, endoplasmic reticulum isozyme 2 Source.55: DFBPPR5273 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 98A2 Source.56: DFBPPR5326 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 77A3 Source.57: DFBPPR5521 ---- Plant proteins ---- Single myb histone 1 Source.58: DFBPPR5721 ---- Plant proteins ---- Single myb histone 2 Source.59: DFBPPR5957 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein FLOURY 2 Source.60: DFBPPR6051 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 2C2 Source.61: DFBPPR6102 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 2C3 Source.62: DFBPPR6109 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 2C1 Source.63: DFBPPR6247 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA topoisomerase 2 Source.64: DFBPPR6268 ---- Plant proteins ---- 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme 1, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.65: DFBPPR6664 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aluminum-activated malate transporter 1 Source.66: DFBPPR6741 ---- Plant proteins ---- Fructan 6-exohydrolase Source.67: DFBPPR6960 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gamma-gliadin Source.68: DFBPPR6965 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gamma-gliadin B Source.69: DFBPPR6967 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gamma-gliadin Source.70: DFBPPR6968 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gamma-gliadin Source.71: DFBPPR7163 ---- Plant proteins ---- Xylose isomerase Source.72: DFBPPR7238 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pathogenesis-related protein 1 Source.73: DFBPPR7239 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pathogenesis-related protein PRB1-2 Source.74: DFBPPR7315 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gamma-hordein-1 Source.75: DFBPPR7472 ---- Plant proteins ---- Acyl-lipid omega-3 desaturase (cytochrome b5), endoplasmic reticulum Source.76: DFBPPR7596 ---- Milk proteins ---- Lactotransferrin Source.77: DFBPPR7687 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-lactoglobulin Source.78: DFBPPR7698 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-lactoglobulin-1/B Source.79: DFBPPR7714 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-lactoglobulin Source.80: DFBPPR7725 ---- Plant proteins ---- Avenin-3 Source.81: DFBPPR8450 ---- Plant proteins ---- Basic endochitinase A Source.82: DFBPPR8499 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-lactoglobulin Source.83: DFBPPR15937 ---- Animal proteins ---- Appetite-regulating hormone Source.84: DFBPPR16080 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 Source.85: DFBPPR16105 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain Source.86: DFBPPR16256 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transcription factor GATA-4 Source.87: DFBPPR16269 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ammonium transporter Rh type C Source.88: DFBPPR16382 ---- Animal proteins ---- Platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain Source.89: DFBPPR16720 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tudor domain-containing protein 5 Source.90: DFBPPR16763 ---- Animal proteins ---- Succinate--CoA ligase [GDP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.91: DFBPPR16764 ---- Animal proteins ---- Succinate--CoA ligase [ADP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.92: DFBPPR16775 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pinopsin Source.93: DFBPPR17046 ---- Animal proteins ---- Appetite-regulating hormone Source.94: DFBPPR17054 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 Source.95: DFBPPR17120 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 7 Source.96: DFBPPR17330 ---- Animal proteins ---- Unconventional myosin-X Source.97: DFBPPR17351 ---- Animal proteins ---- Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 Source.98: DFBPPR17408 ---- Animal proteins ---- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 Source.99: DFBPPR17670 ---- Animal proteins ---- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BRE1A Source.100: DFBPPR17671 ---- Animal proteins ---- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BRE1A Source.101: DFBPPR17806 ---- Animal proteins ---- Uroplakin-2 Source.102: DFBPPR18016 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein Wnt-2 Source.103: DFBPPR18018 ---- Animal proteins ---- ADP-ribose glycohydrolase MACROD1 Source.104: DFBPPR18027 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 Source.105: DFBPPR18061 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 Source.106: DFBPPR18121 ---- Animal proteins ---- Succinate--CoA ligase [GDP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.107: DFBPPR18422 ---- Animal proteins ---- Endonuclease III-like protein 1 Source.108: DFBPPR18712 ---- Animal proteins ---- Succinate--CoA ligase [ADP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.109: DFBPPR18844 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha Source.110: DFBPPR18871 ---- Animal proteins ---- Methionine synthase Source.111: DFBPPR18938 ---- Animal proteins ---- C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 Source.112: DFBPPR19371 ---- Animal proteins ---- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase-like 1 Source.113: DFBPPR19437 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 59 Source.114: DFBPPR19854 ---- Animal proteins ---- Nuclear migration protein nudC Source.115: DFBPPR20221 ---- Animal proteins ---- CD99 antigen-like protein 2 Source.116: DFBPPR20460 ---- Animal proteins ---- Monocarboxylate transporter 1 Source.117: DFBPPR20709 ---- Animal proteins ---- Proline-rich protein 5-like Source.118: DFBPPR20733 ---- Animal proteins ---- Integrator complex subunit 12 Source.119: DFBPPR20894 ---- Animal proteins ---- THAP domain-containing protein 11 Source.120: DFBPPR20907 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prostaglandin D2 receptor Source.121: DFBPPR20915 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter 2 Source.122: DFBPPR21359 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein tyrosine phosphatase domain-containing protein 1 Source.123: DFBPPR21616 ---- Animal proteins ---- Olfactomedin-like protein 3 Source.124: DFBPPR21665 ---- Animal proteins ---- Exocyst complex component 3-like protein Source.125: DFBPPR21896 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein CNPPD1 Source.126: DFBPPR22069 ---- Animal proteins ---- Retrotransposon-like protein 1 Source.127: DFBPPR8535 ---- Animal proteins ---- Succinate--CoA ligase [GDP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.128: DFBPPR8613 ---- Animal proteins ---- Thyroglobulin Source.129: DFBPPR8625 ---- Animal proteins ---- Appetite-regulating hormone Source.130: DFBPPR8681 ---- Animal proteins ---- Toll-like receptor 9 Source.131: DFBPPR9090 ---- Animal proteins ---- Succinate--CoA ligase [ADP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.132: DFBPPR9281 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 Source.133: DFBPPR9332 ---- Animal proteins ---- B2 bradykinin receptor Source.134: DFBPPR9378 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ammonium transporter Rh type C Source.135: DFBPPR9620 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 5 Source.136: DFBPPR10004 ---- Animal proteins ---- Spastin Source.137: DFBPPR10087 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pituitary homeobox 2 Source.138: DFBPPR10409 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein Source.139: DFBPPR10922 ---- Animal proteins ---- P2Y purinoceptor 3 Source.140: DFBPPR11279 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein neuro-d4 Source.141: DFBPPR11286 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein wntless homolog Source.142: DFBPPR11342 ---- Animal proteins ---- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BRE1A Source.143: DFBPPR11348 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX10 Source.144: DFBPPR11558 ---- Animal proteins ---- Nuclear migration protein nudC Source.145: DFBPPR12041 ---- Animal proteins ---- Paladin Source.146: DFBPPR12166 ---- Animal proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 45 Source.147: DFBPPR12356 ---- Animal proteins ---- Very low-density lipoprotein receptor Source.148: DFBPPR12510 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phospholemman Source.149: DFBPPR12633 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neutral amino acid transporter B(0) Source.150: DFBPPR12708 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B Source.151: DFBPPR13027 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 Source.152: DFBPPR13059 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein Wnt-2 Source.153: DFBPPR13212 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein Wnt-2 Source.154: DFBPPR13287 ---- Animal proteins ---- 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme Source.155: DFBPPR13428 ---- Animal proteins ---- Appetite-regulating hormone Source.156: DFBPPR13669 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein Wnt-2 Source.157: DFBPPR13883 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 Source.158: DFBPPR14331 ---- Marine protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.159: DFBPPR15293 ---- Microorganism protein ---- GPI ethanolamine phosphate transferase 2 Source.160: DFBPPR15373 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Protoheme IX farnesyltransferase, mitochondrial Source.161: DFBPPR15394 ---- Microorganism protein ---- 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme Source.162: DFBPPR15418 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 4 Source.163: DFBPPR15836 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Ubiquinol oxidase subunit 1 Source.164: DFBPPR7907 ---- Plant protein ---- CASP-like protein 2C1 Source.165: DFBPPR7925 ---- Plant protein ---- Kafirin PGK1 Source.166: DFBPPR7926 ---- Plant protein ---- Kafirin PSK8
Link-research Inductive analysis	Link 1: DFBPACEI1938----Amaranth seed proteins----Amaranth glutelins

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited very low Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 1062 uM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Non-bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The bovine whey protein β-lactoglobulin was hydrolysed with trypsin alone.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	No measured
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

N.D

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Pihlanto-Leppälä A, Koskinen P, Piilola K, Tupasela T, Korhonen H. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory properties of whey protein digests: concentration and characterization of active peptides. J Dairy Res. 2000 Feb;67(1):53-64. PMID: 10717843 DOI: 10.1017/S0022029999003982
Other literature(s)	[1] Bösze Z. Bioactive Components of Milk[M]. Springer New York, 2008. [2] Ap D L R, Montoya A B, Martã-Nez-Cuevas P, et al. Tryptic amaranth glutelin digests induce endothelial nitric oxide production through inhibition of ACE: antihypertensive role of amaranth peptides[J]. Nitric Oxide, 2010, 23(2):106-111.
PubDate	2000