Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1213(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1213
Peptide sequence	YPYY
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	Antihypertensive activity ^[D1], Antioxidative activity ^[D2], DPP IV-inhibitory activity ^[D3], Opioid activity ^[D4], Multifunctional activity ^[D5]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Tyr

Single-letter amino acid

YPYY

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	604.65 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.83 ^c

IC₅₀

90.9 uM

pIC₅₀

-1.959

GRAVY

-1.3750^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

25%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Milk protein
Precursor protein	κ-Casein
Residue position	f(58-61)
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR1068 ---- Plant proteins ---- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DIS1 Source.2: DFBPPR2330 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable staphylococcal-like nuclease CAN3 Source.3: DFBPPR2351 ---- Plant proteins ---- Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase 48 kDa subunit Source.4: DFBPPR2528 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable staphylococcal-like nuclease CAN2 Source.5: DFBPPR7608 ---- Milk proteins ---- Kappa-casein Source.6: DFBPPR7686 ---- Milk proteins ---- Kappa-casein Source.7: DFBPPR7695 ---- Milk proteins ---- Kappa-casein Source.8: DFBPPR7715 ---- Milk proteins ---- Kappa-casein Source.9: DFBPPR8492 ---- Milk proteins ---- Kappa-casein Source.10: DFBPPR16086 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 Source.11: DFBPPR16300 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase 48 kDa subunit Source.12: DFBPPR16581 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 Source.13: DFBPPR17095 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hyaluronidase-1 Source.14: DFBPPR18973 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transcriptional activator Myb Source.15: DFBPPR20798 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase 48 kDa subunit Source.16: DFBPPR21306 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein ATP1B4 Source.17: DFBPPR8538 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 Source.18: DFBPPR8745 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hyaluronidase-1 Source.19: DFBPPR9339 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase 48 kDa subunit Source.20: DFBPPR9387 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein ATP1B4 Source.21: DFBPPR10119 ---- Animal proteins ---- Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule homolog Source.22: DFBPPR10355 ---- Animal proteins ---- Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule-like protein 1 homolog Source.23: DFBPPR10358 ---- Animal proteins ---- Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase Source.24: DFBPPR10687 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transcriptional activator Myb Source.25: DFBPPR10752 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein ATP1B4 Source.26: DFBPPR10897 ---- Animal proteins ---- Doublesex- and mab-3-related transcription factor 1 Source.27: DFBPPR11078 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 Source.28: DFBPPR11612 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase 48 kDa subunit Source.29: DFBPPR12562 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 Source.30: DFBPPR13549 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 Source.31: DFBPPR14863 ---- Marine protein ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-233 Source.32: DFBPPR14868 ---- Marine protein ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited potent Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 90.9 uM, and its ACE inhibitory pattern was shown by Lineweaver–Burk plots to be a mixed-type inhibition pattern.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Lactic acid fermentation and proteolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Two lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and a protease flavourzyme.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

This fermented milk whey is expected to be a useful ingredient in physiologically functional foods for the prevention of hypertension.

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPANHY0564
[D2]	DFBPANOX0680
[D3]	DFBPDPIV0040
[D4]	DFBPOPIO0015, DFBPOPIO0128
[D5]	DFBPMUFU0253

[D6]

[D7]

[D8]

[D9]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Tsai, J.-S., Chen, T.-J., Pan, B.S., Gong, S.-D., Chung, M.-Y. Antihypertensive effect of bioactive peptides produced by protease-facilitated lactic acid fermentation of milk. Food Chem. 2008, 106, 552-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.039
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2008