Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1276(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1276
Peptide sequence	KLRP
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	Antihypertensive activity ^[D1], Multifunctional activity ^[D2]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Lys-Leu-Arg-Pro

Single-letter amino acid

KLRP

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	512.64 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

11.54 ^c

IC₅₀

91.6 ± 4.0 uM

pIC₅₀

-1.962

GRAVY

-1.5500^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

50%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Bovine milk whey
Precursor protein	Lactoferrin(LF)
Residue position	f(73-76)
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0884 ---- Plant proteins ---- Chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 Source.2: DFBPPR1255 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ethylene receptor 3 Source.3: DFBPPR1346 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase 5 Source.4: DFBPPR1437 ---- Plant proteins ---- Topoisomerase 6 subunit A3 Source.5: DFBPPR1601 ---- Plant proteins ---- CRM-domain containing factor CFM3, chloroplastic/mitochondrial Source.6: DFBPPR1716 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable AMP deaminase Source.7: DFBPPR1834 ---- Plant proteins ---- Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HOX3 Source.8: DFBPPR1885 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protoporphyrinogen oxidase, chloroplastic Source.9: DFBPPR1969 ---- Plant proteins ---- BTB/POZ domain and ankyrin repeat-containing protein NPR3 Source.10: DFBPPR2046 ---- Plant proteins ---- Double-strand break repair protein MRE11 Source.11: DFBPPR2133 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable diaminopimelate decarboxylase, chloroplastic Source.12: DFBPPR2221 ---- Plant proteins ---- L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial Source.13: DFBPPR2296 ---- Plant proteins ---- L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial Source.14: DFBPPR2486 ---- Plant proteins ---- BTB/POZ domain and ankyrin repeat-containing protein NPR2 Source.15: DFBPPR2550 ---- Plant proteins ---- Polyamine transporter PUT1 Source.16: DFBPPR2957 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 40 Source.17: DFBPPR3183 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 32 Source.18: DFBPPR3799 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 42 Source.19: DFBPPR3859 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 29 Source.20: DFBPPR4035 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable transcription factor MYB58 Source.21: DFBPPR4076 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 48 Source.22: DFBPPR4365 ---- Plant proteins ---- Formin-like protein 10 Source.23: DFBPPR4418 ---- Plant proteins ---- IAA-amino acid hydrolase ILR1-like 4 Source.24: DFBPPR4493 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative L-cysteine desulfhydrase 1 Source.25: DFBPPR4506 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative L-cysteine desulfhydrase 2 Source.26: DFBPPR4994 ---- Plant proteins ---- 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase Source.27: DFBPPR5015 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, housekeeping isozyme Source.28: DFBPPR5412 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase 1 Source.29: DFBPPR5699 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sucrose-phosphate synthase Source.30: DFBPPR6411 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase gamma chain, chloroplastic Source.31: DFBPPR7051 ---- Plant proteins ---- Triosephosphate isomerase, cytosolic Source.32: DFBPPR7596 ---- Milk proteins ---- Lactotransferrin Source.33: DFBPPR7614 ---- Milk proteins ---- Tenascin Source.34: DFBPPR7658 ---- Milk proteins ---- Lactotransferrin Source.35: DFBPPR7669 ---- Milk proteins ---- Lactotransferrin Source.36: DFBPPR7672 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-lactoglobulin-1 Source.37: DFBPPR7683 ---- Milk proteins ---- Lactotransferrin Source.38: DFBPPR7713 ---- Milk proteins ---- Lactotransferrin Source.39: DFBPPR8457 ---- Plant proteins ---- Triosephosphate isomerase, cytosolic Source.40: DFBPPR8500 ---- Milk proteins ---- Lactotransferrin Source.41: DFBPPR16010 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type Source.42: DFBPPR16024 ---- Animal proteins ---- Podocalyxin Source.43: DFBPPR16170 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inversin Source.44: DFBPPR16879 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inhibin beta A chain Source.45: DFBPPR16999 ---- Animal proteins ---- TGF-beta receptor type-1 Source.46: DFBPPR17403 ---- Animal proteins ---- Insulin-degrading enzyme Source.47: DFBPPR17509 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type Source.48: DFBPPR17779 ---- Animal proteins ---- Integrin alpha-3 Source.49: DFBPPR17814 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 Source.50: DFBPPR17826 ---- Animal proteins ---- RNA-splicing ligase RtcB homolog Source.51: DFBPPR18085 ---- Animal proteins ---- Staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1 Source.52: DFBPPR18260 ---- Animal proteins ---- 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Source.53: DFBPPR18263 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neurocalcin-delta Source.54: DFBPPR18306 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein kinase 10 Source.55: DFBPPR18362 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cyclic nucleotide-gated olfactory channel Source.56: DFBPPR18399 ---- Animal proteins ---- Integrin beta-6 Source.57: DFBPPR18449 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prepronociceptin Source.58: DFBPPR18502 ---- Animal proteins ---- Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 Source.59: DFBPPR18522 ---- Animal proteins ---- POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 Source.60: DFBPPR18699 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysyl oxidase homolog 4 Source.61: DFBPPR18787 ---- Animal proteins ---- Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoU Source.62: DFBPPR18789 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-3 Source.63: DFBPPR18870 ---- Animal proteins ---- DBIRD complex subunit ZNF326 Source.64: DFBPPR18877 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 Source.65: DFBPPR19124 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuroguidin Source.66: DFBPPR19568 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuron-specific calcium-binding protein hippocalcin Source.67: DFBPPR19731 ---- Animal proteins ---- Methionine aminopeptidase 1 Source.68: DFBPPR19823 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alanine aminotransferase 1 Source.69: DFBPPR19886 ---- Animal proteins ---- ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 4A Source.70: DFBPPR20217 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 8 Source.71: DFBPPR20224 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sclerostin Source.72: DFBPPR20255 ---- Animal proteins ---- Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2-like protein 2 Source.73: DFBPPR20448 ---- Animal proteins ---- Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 Source.74: DFBPPR20465 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hippocalcin-like protein 1 Source.75: DFBPPR20563 ---- Animal proteins ---- ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 4D Source.76: DFBPPR20991 ---- Animal proteins ---- Arfaptin-2 Source.77: DFBPPR21734 ---- Animal proteins ---- TBC1 domain family member 1 Source.78: DFBPPR22255 ---- Animal proteins ---- Rab9 effector protein with kelch motifs Source.79: DFBPPR8569 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ryanodine receptor 1 Source.80: DFBPPR8628 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inhibin beta A chain Source.81: DFBPPR8693 ---- Animal proteins ---- TGF-beta receptor type-1 Source.82: DFBPPR8774 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tenascin Source.83: DFBPPR8780 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type Source.84: DFBPPR8887 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 Source.85: DFBPPR9180 ---- Animal proteins ---- Integrin beta-6 Source.86: DFBPPR9238 ---- Animal proteins ---- RNA-splicing ligase RtcB homolog Source.87: DFBPPR9280 ---- Animal proteins ---- Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 Source.88: DFBPPR9494 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuron-specific calcium-binding protein hippocalcin Source.89: DFBPPR9619 ---- Animal proteins ---- Teashirt homolog 2 Source.90: DFBPPR9714 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 Source.91: DFBPPR9883 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hippocalcin-like protein 1 Source.92: DFBPPR10057 ---- Animal proteins ---- Stimulator of interferon genes protein Source.93: DFBPPR10124 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 Source.94: DFBPPR10150 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tenascin Source.95: DFBPPR10185 ---- Animal proteins ---- Unconventional myosin-Ia Source.96: DFBPPR10212 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-4 Source.97: DFBPPR10244 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inhibin beta A chain Source.98: DFBPPR10251 ---- Animal proteins ---- Integrin alpha-6 Source.99: DFBPPR10397 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor TYRO3 Source.100: DFBPPR10596 ---- Animal proteins ---- FERM, ARHGEF and pleckstrin domain-containing protein 1 Source.101: DFBPPR11093 ---- Animal proteins ---- DBIRD complex subunit ZNF326 Source.102: DFBPPR11136 ---- Animal proteins ---- Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase gamma Source.103: DFBPPR11280 ---- Animal proteins ---- KICSTOR complex protein kaptin Source.104: DFBPPR11339 ---- Animal proteins ---- Calsequestrin-2 Source.105: DFBPPR11422 ---- Animal proteins ---- Methionine aminopeptidase 1 Source.106: DFBPPR11715 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hippocalcin-like protein 1 Source.107: DFBPPR11754 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neurocalcin-delta Source.108: DFBPPR12176 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein kinase 11-interacting protein Source.109: DFBPPR12281 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ryanodine receptor 1 Source.110: DFBPPR12342 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type Source.111: DFBPPR12460 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, platelet type Source.112: DFBPPR12582 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cyclic nucleotide-gated olfactory channel Source.113: DFBPPR12816 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 Source.114: DFBPPR13016 ---- Animal proteins ---- Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein Source.115: DFBPPR13157 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inhibin beta A chain Source.116: DFBPPR13183 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type Source.117: DFBPPR13552 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inhibin beta A chain Source.118: DFBPPR13642 ---- Animal proteins ---- Integrin beta-6 Source.119: DFBPPR13746 ---- Animal proteins ---- Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 Source.120: DFBPPR13944 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hippocalcin-like protein 1 Source.121: DFBPPR14377 ---- Marine protein ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta Source.122: DFBPPR14595 ---- Marine protein ---- V(D)J recombination-activating protein 2 Source.123: DFBPPR14740 ---- Marine protein ---- DNA damage-inducible transcript 4-like protein Source.124: DFBPPR14912 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Heat shock factor protein Source.125: DFBPPR14939 ---- Microorganism protein ---- ATP-dependent DNA helicase II subunit 1 Source.126: DFBPPR15678 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Autophagy-related protein 2 Source.127: DFBPPR15703 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Pre-mRNA-processing protein 45 Source.128: DFBPPR8354 ---- Plant protein ---- Pollen-specific protein SF21
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited potent Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 91.6 ± 4.0 uM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Fermentation
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Bovine milk whey was fermented with yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus).

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	The peptide KLRP was subjected to a hydrolysis process which simulates gastrointestinal digestion due to the action of gastric and pancreatic enzymes. KLRP were slightly hydrolyzed (approximately 6% decrease from the initial concentrations).
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

N.D

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPANHY0252
[D2]	DFBPMUFU0284

[D3]

[D4]

[D5]

[D6]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	García-Tejedor A, Sánchez-Rivera L, Castelló-Ruiz M, Recio I, Salom JB, Manzanares P. Novel antihypertensive lactoferrin-derived peptides produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus: gastrointestinal stability profile and in vivo angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Feb 19;62(7):1609-16. PMID: 24476136 DOI: 10.1021/jf4053868
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2014