Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1824(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1824
Peptide sequence	TNW
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Thr-Asn-Trp

Single-letter amino acid

TNW

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
419 Da	419.44 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

517 ± 52 μM

pIC₅₀

-2.713

GRAVY

-1.7000^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

33.33%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Plant
Organism/Source	Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris)
Precursor protein	Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1(P56341); Actin (Q96405; Q9SAR8)
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR1140 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein PARTING DANCERS homolog Source.2: DFBPPR1266 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SGT1 homolog Source.3: DFBPPR1371 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase DRM2 Source.4: DFBPPR1535 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.5: DFBPPR1626 ---- Plant proteins ---- NAC domain-containing protein 71 Source.6: DFBPPR1705 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable GTP-binding protein OBGC1, chloroplastic Source.7: DFBPPR1895 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA topoisomerase 3-alpha Source.8: DFBPPR1985 ---- Plant proteins ---- Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2-A Source.9: DFBPPR2032 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 5 Source.10: DFBPPR2054 ---- Plant proteins ---- NAC domain-containing protein 10 Source.11: DFBPPR2118 ---- Plant proteins ---- NAC domain-containing protein 45 Source.12: DFBPPR2135 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative DNA ligase 4 Source.13: DFBPPR2187 ---- Plant proteins ---- Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2-B Source.14: DFBPPR2350 ---- Plant proteins ---- Metal tolerance protein 4 Source.15: DFBPPR2622 ---- Plant proteins ---- Monothiol glutaredoxin-S4, mitochondrial Source.16: DFBPPR2715 ---- Plant proteins ---- NAC domain-containing protein 77 Source.17: DFBPPR2889 ---- Plant proteins ---- Monothiol glutaredoxin-S1, mitochondrial Source.18: DFBPPR3180 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable glucuronosyltransferase Os01g0926700 Source.19: DFBPPR3532 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 4 Source.20: DFBPPR3895 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 2 Source.21: DFBPPR4403 ---- Plant proteins ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic Source.22: DFBPPR4513 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SMAX1-like Source.23: DFBPPR4531 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 63 Source.24: DFBPPR4533 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative homeobox protein knotted-1-like 5 Source.25: DFBPPR4635 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 43 Source.26: DFBPPR4834 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 66 Source.27: DFBPPR4890 ---- Plant proteins ---- NAC domain-containing protein 48 Source.28: DFBPPR5047 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.29: DFBPPR5221 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein TIC 214 Source.30: DFBPPR5260 ---- Plant proteins ---- Casparian strip membrane protein 1 Source.31: DFBPPR5280 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 6 Source.32: DFBPPR5340 ---- Plant proteins ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic Source.33: DFBPPR5546 ---- Plant proteins ---- Thiamine thiazole synthase 1, chloroplastic Source.34: DFBPPR5556 ---- Plant proteins ---- Thiamine thiazole synthase 2, chloroplastic Source.35: DFBPPR5563 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.36: DFBPPR5680 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glutamine synthetase root isozyme 3 Source.37: DFBPPR5715 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glutamine synthetase root isozyme 4 Source.38: DFBPPR5748 ---- Plant proteins ---- Anthranilate O-methyltransferase 2 Source.39: DFBPPR5996 ---- Plant proteins ---- Myb-related protein Zm1 Source.40: DFBPPR6047 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 1D1 Source.41: DFBPPR6116 ---- Plant proteins ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic Source.42: DFBPPR6274 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.43: DFBPPR6488 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SCARECROW Source.44: DFBPPR6617 ---- Plant proteins ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic Source.45: DFBPPR6696 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.46: DFBPPR6974 ---- Plant proteins ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic Source.47: DFBPPR7013 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein MLO Source.48: DFBPPR7065 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.49: DFBPPR7166 ---- Plant proteins ---- Serine carboxypeptidase II-2 Source.50: DFBPPR7182 ---- Plant proteins ---- Serine carboxypeptidase II-1 Source.51: DFBPPR7252 ---- Plant proteins ---- MLO protein homolog 1 Source.52: DFBPPR7325 ---- Plant proteins ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic Source.53: DFBPPR7515 ---- Plant proteins ---- 40S ribosomal protein SA Source.54: DFBPPR7615 ---- Milk proteins ---- Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase Source.55: DFBPPR7616 ---- Milk proteins ---- Macrophage mannose receptor 1 Source.56: DFBPPR7638 ---- Milk proteins ---- Tissue-type plasminogen activator Source.57: DFBPPR7645 ---- Milk proteins ---- Kallikrein-6 Source.58: DFBPPR15933 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gastric triacylglycerol lipase Source.59: DFBPPR16188 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.60: DFBPPR16195 ---- Animal proteins ---- Xylosyltransferase 1 Source.61: DFBPPR16221 ---- Animal proteins ---- Xylosyltransferase 2 Source.62: DFBPPR16231 ---- Animal proteins ---- Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 homolog Source.63: DFBPPR16268 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tissue alpha-L-fucosidase Source.64: DFBPPR16297 ---- Animal proteins ---- Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit Source.65: DFBPPR16337 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A Source.66: DFBPPR16575 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dystrophin Source.67: DFBPPR16781 ---- Animal proteins ---- L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain Source.68: DFBPPR16883 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, aortic smooth muscle Source.69: DFBPPR16963 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase Source.70: DFBPPR17123 ---- Animal proteins ---- Retinal guanylyl cyclase 2 Source.71: DFBPPR17154 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 2 Source.72: DFBPPR17155 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 2 Source.73: DFBPPR17305 ---- Animal proteins ---- Metalloendopeptidase OMA1, mitochondrial Source.74: DFBPPR17317 ---- Animal proteins ---- NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 Source.75: DFBPPR17514 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, alpha skeletal muscle Source.76: DFBPPR17532 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome b5 Source.77: DFBPPR17594 ---- Animal proteins ---- E-selectin Source.78: DFBPPR17747 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.79: DFBPPR17789 ---- Animal proteins ---- Secretory phospholipase A2 receptor Source.80: DFBPPR17909 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8 Source.81: DFBPPR18077 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gastric triacylglycerol lipase Source.82: DFBPPR18244 ---- Animal proteins ---- Oviduct-specific glycoprotein Source.83: DFBPPR18495 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle Source.84: DFBPPR18748 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ras-related protein Rab-4A Source.85: DFBPPR18760 ---- Animal proteins ---- SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A containing DEAD/H box 1 Source.86: DFBPPR18820 ---- Animal proteins ---- LIM domain kinase 2 Source.87: DFBPPR18837 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coatomer subunit alpha Source.88: DFBPPR18867 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tissue alpha-L-fucosidase Source.89: DFBPPR18881 ---- Animal proteins ---- Proteasome subunit beta type-4 Source.90: DFBPPR18963 ---- Animal proteins ---- F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 Source.91: DFBPPR19167 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit gamma Source.92: DFBPPR19359 ---- Animal proteins ---- Spartin Source.93: DFBPPR19433 ---- Animal proteins ---- Switch-associated protein 70 Source.94: DFBPPR19480 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A Source.95: DFBPPR19483 ---- Animal proteins ---- Peroxisomal membrane protein PEX13 Source.96: DFBPPR19710 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-galactosidase Source.97: DFBPPR19727 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein SGT1 homolog Source.98: DFBPPR19907 ---- Animal proteins ---- L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain Source.99: DFBPPR20008 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine incorporator 3 Source.100: DFBPPR20147 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine incorporator 1 Source.101: DFBPPR20202 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 9, mitochondrial Source.102: DFBPPR20530 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein HEXIM2 Source.103: DFBPPR20659 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cystinosin Source.104: DFBPPR20891 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein lifeguard 1 Source.105: DFBPPR21017 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 26 Source.106: DFBPPR21163 ---- Animal proteins ---- Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphatase NUDT22 Source.107: DFBPPR21203 ---- Animal proteins ---- Nuclear protein 2 Source.108: DFBPPR21547 ---- Animal proteins ---- Osteoclast-stimulating factor 1 Source.109: DFBPPR21863 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 3 Source.110: DFBPPR22005 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 81 Source.111: DFBPPR22103 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine incorporator 2 Source.112: DFBPPR22727 ---- Animal proteins ---- Uncharacterized protein C6orf163 homolog Source.113: DFBPPR8539 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pancreatic alpha-amylase Source.114: DFBPPR8577 ---- Animal proteins ---- Nectin-1 Source.115: DFBPPR8706 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cellular tumor antigen p53 Source.116: DFBPPR8742 ---- Animal proteins ---- Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 Source.117: DFBPPR8794 ---- Animal proteins ---- NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 Source.118: DFBPPR8835 ---- Animal proteins ---- Iodotyrosine deiodinase 1 Source.119: DFBPPR8884 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.120: DFBPPR9069 ---- Animal proteins ---- E-selectin Source.121: DFBPPR9080 ---- Animal proteins ---- L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain Source.122: DFBPPR9321 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A Source.123: DFBPPR9385 ---- Animal proteins ---- 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating Source.124: DFBPPR9651 ---- Animal proteins ---- Bestrophin-1 Source.125: DFBPPR9862 ---- Animal proteins ---- Osteoclast-stimulating factor 1 Source.126: DFBPPR10103 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.127: DFBPPR10123 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ephrin type-A receptor 3 Source.128: DFBPPR10205 ---- Animal proteins ---- Noelin Source.129: DFBPPR10241 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ephrin type-A receptor 7 Source.130: DFBPPR10319 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 Source.131: DFBPPR10338 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, alpha skeletal muscle Source.132: DFBPPR10393 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vitellogenin-1 Source.133: DFBPPR10425 ---- Animal proteins ---- Fanconi anemia group J protein homolog Source.134: DFBPPR10431 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, aortic smooth muscle Source.135: DFBPPR10478 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle Source.136: DFBPPR10526 ---- Animal proteins ---- LIM domain kinase 2 Source.137: DFBPPR10595 ---- Animal proteins ---- Replication protein A 70 kDa DNA-binding subunit Source.138: DFBPPR10743 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase 1 Source.139: DFBPPR10777 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic type 5 Source.140: DFBPPR10810 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 2 Source.141: DFBPPR11017 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collectin-12 Source.142: DFBPPR11065 ---- Animal proteins ---- L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain Source.143: DFBPPR11269 ---- Animal proteins ---- Anosmin-1 Source.144: DFBPPR11410 ---- Animal proteins ---- Target of Myb protein 1 Source.145: DFBPPR11530 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable cation-transporting ATPase 13A4 Source.146: DFBPPR11555 ---- Animal proteins ---- Choline O-acetyltransferase Source.147: DFBPPR11563 ---- Animal proteins ---- Switch-associated protein 70 Source.148: DFBPPR11631 ---- Animal proteins ---- 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 Source.149: DFBPPR11782 ---- Animal proteins ---- Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 3 Source.150: DFBPPR11899 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein ILRUN Source.151: DFBPPR11975 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mini-chromosome maintenance complex-binding protein Source.152: DFBPPR12168 ---- Animal proteins ---- Osteoclast-stimulating factor 1 Source.153: DFBPPR12268 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, alpha skeletal muscle Source.154: DFBPPR12272 ---- Animal proteins ---- Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 Source.155: DFBPPR12410 ---- Animal proteins ---- Secretory phospholipase A2 receptor Source.156: DFBPPR12421 ---- Animal proteins ---- Arylacetamide deacetylase Source.157: DFBPPR12436 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome b5 Source.158: DFBPPR12556 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, aortic smooth muscle Source.159: DFBPPR12700 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.160: DFBPPR12701 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.161: DFBPPR12866 ---- Animal proteins ---- L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain Source.162: DFBPPR12893 ---- Animal proteins ---- Platelet-derived growth factor D Source.163: DFBPPR13093 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 236 Source.164: DFBPPR13231 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.165: DFBPPR13251 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome b5 Source.166: DFBPPR13368 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A Source.167: DFBPPR13594 ---- Animal proteins ---- 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating Source.168: DFBPPR13703 ---- Animal proteins ---- Oviduct-specific glycoprotein Source.169: DFBPPR13769 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.170: DFBPPR13842 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A Source.171: DFBPPR13996 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, alpha skeletal muscle Source.172: DFBPPR14004 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 Source.173: DFBPPR14021 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.174: DFBPPR14036 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 Source.175: DFBPPR14143 ---- Marine protein ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.176: DFBPPR14154 ---- Marine protein ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 Source.177: DFBPPR14321 ---- Marine protein ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic Source.178: DFBPPR14331 ---- Marine protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.179: DFBPPR14336 ---- Marine protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A2 Source.180: DFBPPR14495 ---- Marine protein ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic Source.181: DFBPPR14664 ---- Marine protein ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 Source.182: DFBPPR14935 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Actin Source.183: DFBPPR14983 ---- Microorganism protein ---- PAN2-PAN3 deadenylation complex subunit PAN3 Source.184: DFBPPR14994 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Serine/threonine-protein kinase MEC1 Source.185: DFBPPR15029 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Dol-P-Glc:Glc(2)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol alpha-1,2-glucosyltransferase Source.186: DFBPPR15030 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Palmitoyltransferase ERF2 Source.187: DFBPPR15296 ---- Microorganism protein ---- High-affinity glucose transporter Source.188: DFBPPR15335 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 18 Source.189: DFBPPR15392 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 16 Source.190: DFBPPR15406 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 Source.191: DFBPPR15444 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Monopolar spindle protein 2 Source.192: DFBPPR15452 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase Source.193: DFBPPR15463 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Protein LST4 Source.194: DFBPPR15509 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 Source.195: DFBPPR15643 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Peroxisome assembly protein 22 Source.196: DFBPPR15680 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Protein SYM1 Source.197: DFBPPR15835 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone), dehydrogenase subunit Source.198: DFBPPR15841 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Agaricus bisporus lectin Source.199: DFBPPR7772 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.200: DFBPPR7788 ---- Plant protein ---- Thiamine thiazole synthase 1, chloroplastic Source.201: DFBPPR7789 ---- Plant protein ---- Thiamine thiazole synthase 2, chloroplastic Source.202: DFBPPR7874 ---- Plant protein ---- CASP-like protein 1D1 Source.203: DFBPPR7915 ---- Plant protein ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic Source.204: DFBPPR7992 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.205: DFBPPR8013 ---- Plant protein ---- Chloroplast envelope membrane protein Source.206: DFBPPR8044 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.207: DFBPPR8120 ---- Plant protein ---- Protein TIC 214 Source.208: DFBPPR8162 ---- Plant protein ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic Source.209: DFBPPR8224 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.210: DFBPPR8343 ---- Plant protein ---- Chloroplast envelope membrane protein Source.211: DFBPPR8346 ---- Plant protein ---- 30S ribosomal protein S2, chloroplastic
Link-research Inductive analysis	Link 1: DFBPACEI1828----Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris)----Actin (Q96405; Q9SAR8)

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited low Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 517 ± 52 μM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Non-bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])([C@]([H])(O)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(=CN2)C1=C2C=CC=C1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The ACE inhibitory peptide was in silico screened from the product generated by virtual gastrointestinal digestion of the proteins from C. vulgaris.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

N.D

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Xie J, Chen X, Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Tang YJ, Wei D. Antihypertensive Effects, Molecular Docking Study, and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Assay of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from Chlorella vulgaris. J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Feb 14;66(6):1359-1368. PMID: 29345929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04294
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2018