Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPANHY0907(Antihypertensive peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPANHY0907
Peptide sequence	VLPVP
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	Antihypertensive peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	Antihypertensive activity
Otheir bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity ^[D1], Antioxidative activity ^[D2], Multifunctional activity ^[D3]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Val-Leu-Pro-Val-Pro

Single-letter amino acid

VLPVP

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	523.67 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

N.D

pIC₅₀

N.D

GRAVY

1.8000^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Bovine milk
Precursor protein	β-Casein
Residue position	f(170-174)
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR1386 ---- Plant proteins ---- Transcription factor LATE FLOWERING Source.2: DFBPPR1641 ---- Plant proteins ---- Enolase Source.3: DFBPPR2731 ---- Plant proteins ---- Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G Source.4: DFBPPR3125 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative alpha-L-fucosidase 1 Source.5: DFBPPR5650 ---- Plant proteins ---- Enolase 1 Source.6: DFBPPR5675 ---- Plant proteins ---- Enolase 2 Source.7: DFBPPR7605 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.8: DFBPPR7665 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.9: DFBPPR7692 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.10: DFBPPR7700 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.11: DFBPPR7718 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.12: DFBPPR8489 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.13: DFBPPR16885 ---- Animal proteins ---- cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 Source.14: DFBPPR17263 ---- Animal proteins ---- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UHRF1 Source.15: DFBPPR17377 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenylate cyclase type 1 Source.16: DFBPPR19814 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein delta homolog 2 Source.17: DFBPPR9207 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-enolase Source.18: DFBPPR9738 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein delta homolog 2 Source.19: DFBPPR12360 ---- Animal proteins ---- cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 Source.20: DFBPPR12425 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-enolase Source.21: DFBPPR14187 ---- Marine protein ---- Secreted phosphoprotein 24 Source.22: DFBPPR15045 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Enolase Source.23: DFBPPR7767 ---- Plant protein ---- Adenylosuccinate synthetase 2, chloroplastic
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

Antihypertensive activity	In the VLPVP group, at a dose of 30 mg/kg, we did not observe a decrease in SBP at any time; the readings were fluctuating returning to the base levels at 24 h. At a dose of 100 mg/kg, 6 h after intragastric administration, a statistically significant decrease in blood pressure (p < 0.05, Dunnett’s test) was observed, reaching near normal levels of blood pressure (from 188 to 153 mmHg).
Specific target protein(s)	N.D

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Six tandem repeats of the VLPVP peptide were joined by cleavage sites for gastrointestinal proteases (trypsin, pepsin, and chymotrypsin).

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

Ochoa-Mendez developed a transplastomic C. reinhardtii strain that accumulates anti-hypertensive peptides (VLPVP). This is the first study that indicates the potential of this microalga producing an antihypertensive peptide as a dietary supplement for hypertension patients.

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPACEI1318
[D2]	DFBPANOX1133
[D3]	DFBPMUFU0321

[D4]

[D5]

[D6]

[D7]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Ochoa-Méndez CE, Lara-Hernández I, González LM, Aguirre-Bañuelos P, Ibarra-Barajas M, Castro-Moreno P, González-Ortega O, Soria-Guerra RE. Bioactivity of an antihypertensive peptide expressed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biotechnol. 2016 Dec 20;240:76-84. PMID: 27816654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.001
Other literature(s)	[1] Yamamoto N, Akino A, Takano T. Antihypertensive effect of the peptides derived from casein by an extracellular proteinase from Lactobacillus helveticus CP790.[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1994, 77(4):917. [2] Maeno, M., N. Yamamoto, and T. Takano, Identification of an antihypertensive peptide from casein hydrolysate produced by a proteinase from Lactobacillus helveticus CP790. J Dairy Sci, 1996. 79(8): p. 1316-21.
PubDate	2016