Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPANHY0966(Antihypertensive peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPANHY0966
Peptide sequence	VHW
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	Antihypertensive peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	Antihypertensive activity
Otheir bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity ^[D1], Multifunctional activity ^[D2]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Val-His-Trp

Single-letter amino acid

VHW

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
441 Da	440.51 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

7.79 ^c

IC₅₀

N.D

pIC₅₀

N.D

GRAVY

0.0333^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

66.67%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Plant
Organism/Source	Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris)
Precursor protein	α-tubulin (Q9LRG7)
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0966 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase protein FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER1 Source.2: DFBPPR0976 ---- Plant proteins ---- 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.3: DFBPPR1255 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ethylene receptor 3 Source.4: DFBPPR1442 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SCARECROW 1 Source.5: DFBPPR1458 ---- Plant proteins ---- Endoglucanase 9 Source.6: DFBPPR1498 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SCARECROW 2 Source.7: DFBPPR1734 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable mixed-linked glucan synthase 9 Source.8: DFBPPR2013 ---- Plant proteins ---- Laccase-6 Source.9: DFBPPR2020 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.10: DFBPPR2200 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 5 Source.11: DFBPPR2232 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-2 chain Source.12: DFBPPR2249 ---- Plant proteins ---- Proteasome subunit alpha type-3 Source.13: DFBPPR2613 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase 1 Source.14: DFBPPR2746 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 10 Source.15: DFBPPR2809 ---- Plant proteins ---- Retinoblastoma-related protein 1 Source.16: DFBPPR2893 ---- Plant proteins ---- Long chain base biosynthesis protein 1c Source.17: DFBPPR2993 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-glucosidase 5 Source.18: DFBPPR3004 ---- Plant proteins ---- Long chain base biosynthesis protein 1a Source.19: DFBPPR3105 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-glucosidase 21 Source.20: DFBPPR3255 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 6 Source.21: DFBPPR3280 ---- Plant proteins ---- Long chain base biosynthesis protein 1b Source.22: DFBPPR3520 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 1 Source.23: DFBPPR3606 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 7 Source.24: DFBPPR3846 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase 2 Source.25: DFBPPR3895 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 2 Source.26: DFBPPR4081 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 25 Source.27: DFBPPR4190 ---- Plant proteins ---- U3 snoRNP-associated protein-like YAOH Source.28: DFBPPR4911 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1 Source.29: DFBPPR5425 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase protein THICK TASSEL DWARF1 Source.30: DFBPPR5502 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-3 chain Source.31: DFBPPR5509 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.32: DFBPPR5514 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-2 chain Source.33: DFBPPR5523 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1 Source.34: DFBPPR5540 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-5 chain Source.35: DFBPPR5541 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-6 chain Source.36: DFBPPR5578 ---- Plant proteins ---- Anthranilate O-methyltransferase 3 Source.37: DFBPPR5614 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SCARECROW Source.38: DFBPPR5854 ---- Plant proteins ---- Retinoblastoma-related protein 3 Source.39: DFBPPR5959 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ribosomal protein S13, mitochondrial Source.40: DFBPPR6284 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.41: DFBPPR6488 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SCARECROW Source.42: DFBPPR6654 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1-A Source.43: DFBPPR6701 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha chain Source.44: DFBPPR6722 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1-B Source.45: DFBPPR6739 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1-D Source.46: DFBPPR6883 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ribosomal protein S13, mitochondrial Source.47: DFBPPR7046 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1 Source.48: DFBPPR7059 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-2 chain Source.49: DFBPPR7064 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-3 chain Source.50: DFBPPR7099 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.51: DFBPPR7631 ---- Milk proteins ---- Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein Source.52: DFBPPR7731 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha chain Source.53: DFBPPR7733 ---- Plant proteins ---- 12S seed storage globulin 2 Source.54: DFBPPR7734 ---- Plant proteins ---- 12S seed storage globulin 1 Source.55: DFBPPR15988 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vascular endothelial growth factor A Source.56: DFBPPR16268 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tissue alpha-L-fucosidase Source.57: DFBPPR16461 ---- Animal proteins ---- InaD-like protein Source.58: DFBPPR16463 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 6 Source.59: DFBPPR16472 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4 Source.60: DFBPPR16779 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta Source.61: DFBPPR16817 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.62: DFBPPR16836 ---- Animal proteins ---- Fibronectin Source.63: DFBPPR16990 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 2 Source.64: DFBPPR17261 ---- Animal proteins ---- NAD-dependent protein lipoamidase sirtuin-4, mitochondrial Source.65: DFBPPR17456 ---- Animal proteins ---- Deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 Source.66: DFBPPR17530 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysosomal acid glucosylceramidase Source.67: DFBPPR17780 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acetylcholinesterase Source.68: DFBPPR17803 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 6 Source.69: DFBPPR17845 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 Source.70: DFBPPR17853 ---- Animal proteins ---- [F-actin]-monooxygenase MICAL3 Source.71: DFBPPR17938 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable phospholipid-transporting ATPase IA Source.72: DFBPPR17994 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7 Source.73: DFBPPR18276 ---- Animal proteins ---- 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 2 Source.74: DFBPPR18309 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-4A chain Source.75: DFBPPR18339 ---- Animal proteins ---- SPARC Source.76: DFBPPR18512 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase Source.77: DFBPPR18527 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-3 chain Source.78: DFBPPR18531 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1C chain Source.79: DFBPPR18532 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1D chain Source.80: DFBPPR18859 ---- Animal proteins ---- Matrix remodeling-associated protein 8 Source.81: DFBPPR18863 ---- Animal proteins ---- Testis-specific Y-encoded protein 1 Source.82: DFBPPR18867 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tissue alpha-L-fucosidase Source.83: DFBPPR18902 ---- Animal proteins ---- Plasmanylethanolamine desaturase Source.84: DFBPPR19122 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 3 Source.85: DFBPPR19173 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 1 Source.86: DFBPPR19193 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 4 Source.87: DFBPPR19209 ---- Animal proteins ---- mRNA export factor Source.88: DFBPPR19833 ---- Animal proteins ---- Contactin-1 Source.89: DFBPPR19922 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-8 chain Source.90: DFBPPR19951 ---- Animal proteins ---- Somatostatin receptor type 2 Source.91: DFBPPR19991 ---- Animal proteins ---- F-box/LRR-repeat protein 5 Source.92: DFBPPR20073 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histidine decarboxylase Source.93: DFBPPR20308 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histone-binding protein RBBP7 Source.94: DFBPPR20514 ---- Animal proteins ---- Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 1, mitochondrial Source.95: DFBPPR20764 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class W protein Source.96: DFBPPR20839 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain-containing 2 Source.97: DFBPPR20994 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1 Source.98: DFBPPR20998 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein 821 Source.99: DFBPPR21035 ---- Animal proteins ---- 39S ribosomal protein L38, mitochondrial Source.100: DFBPPR21093 ---- Animal proteins ---- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 3A1 Source.101: DFBPPR21282 ---- Animal proteins ---- Spindle and centriole-associated protein 1 Source.102: DFBPPR21508 ---- Animal proteins ---- GPI transamidase component PIG-S Source.103: DFBPPR21570 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40B Source.104: DFBPPR21972 ---- Animal proteins ---- LRRN4 C-terminal-like protein Source.105: DFBPPR22205 ---- Animal proteins ---- Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 11 Source.106: DFBPPR22493 ---- Animal proteins ---- PC-esterase domain-containing protein 1B Source.107: DFBPPR8544 ---- Animal proteins ---- Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 Source.108: DFBPPR8568 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vascular endothelial growth factor A Source.109: DFBPPR8782 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1A chain Source.110: DFBPPR8790 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1B chain Source.111: DFBPPR8809 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysosomal acid glucosylceramidase Source.112: DFBPPR8868 ---- Animal proteins ---- Somatostatin receptor type 2 Source.113: DFBPPR9289 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 3 Source.114: DFBPPR9338 ---- Animal proteins ---- SPARC Source.115: DFBPPR9967 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle Source.116: DFBPPR9978 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 2 Source.117: DFBPPR10128 ---- Animal proteins ---- Focal adhesion kinase 1 Source.118: DFBPPR10204 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal cell adhesion molecule Source.119: DFBPPR10252 ---- Animal proteins ---- Indian hedgehog protein Source.120: DFBPPR10352 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta Source.121: DFBPPR10358 ---- Animal proteins ---- Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase Source.122: DFBPPR10383 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cryptochrome-1 Source.123: DFBPPR10423 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sortilin-related receptor Source.124: DFBPPR10587 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-tectorin Source.125: DFBPPR10600 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.126: DFBPPR10654 ---- Animal proteins ---- Fibronectin Source.127: DFBPPR10725 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cryptochrome-2 Source.128: DFBPPR10757 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit epsilon Source.129: DFBPPR10778 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 2 Source.130: DFBPPR10881 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-5 chain Source.131: DFBPPR10957 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit rho Source.132: DFBPPR10977 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-2 chain Source.133: DFBPPR11144 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-4 chain Source.134: DFBPPR11151 ---- Animal proteins ---- SPARC Source.135: DFBPPR11154 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-3 chain Source.136: DFBPPR11170 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histone-binding protein RBBP7 Source.137: DFBPPR11190 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial tRNA-specific 2-thiouridylase 1 Source.138: DFBPPR11393 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 4/5 Source.139: DFBPPR11424 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX55 Source.140: DFBPPR11659 ---- Animal proteins ---- Matrix remodeling-associated protein 8 Source.141: DFBPPR11952 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 1 Source.142: DFBPPR11973 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 3 Source.143: DFBPPR12002 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 6 Source.144: DFBPPR12006 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 7 Source.145: DFBPPR12155 ---- Animal proteins ---- Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 11 Source.146: DFBPPR12374 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sortilin-related receptor Source.147: DFBPPR12433 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 2 Source.148: DFBPPR12526 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 Source.149: DFBPPR12660 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 9 Source.150: DFBPPR12762 ---- Animal proteins ---- SPARC Source.151: DFBPPR12784 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cadherin-16 Source.152: DFBPPR13170 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 1 Source.153: DFBPPR13207 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vascular endothelial growth factor A Source.154: DFBPPR13227 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 3 Source.155: DFBPPR13228 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.156: DFBPPR13278 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 Source.157: DFBPPR13444 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.158: DFBPPR13595 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.159: DFBPPR13604 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 2 Source.160: DFBPPR13639 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 6 Source.161: DFBPPR13697 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 1 Source.162: DFBPPR13718 ---- Animal proteins ---- Antigen-presenting glycoprotein CD1d Source.163: DFBPPR13730 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase Source.164: DFBPPR13738 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vascular endothelial growth factor A Source.165: DFBPPR13768 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 Source.166: DFBPPR13782 ---- Animal proteins ---- BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor homolog Source.167: DFBPPR13988 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.168: DFBPPR14079 ---- Marine protein ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.169: DFBPPR14167 ---- Marine protein ---- Actin-related protein 8 Source.170: DFBPPR14234 ---- Marine protein ---- Tubulin alpha chain Source.171: DFBPPR14426 ---- Marine protein ---- Probable RuBisCO transcriptional regulator Source.172: DFBPPR14568 ---- Marine protein ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.173: DFBPPR14571 ---- Marine protein ---- Tubulin alpha chain, testis-specific Source.174: DFBPPR14767 ---- Marine protein ---- Hemocyte protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase Source.175: DFBPPR14788 ---- Marine protein ---- Tubulin alpha-3 chain Source.176: DFBPPR14789 ---- Marine protein ---- Tubulin alpha-2 chain Source.177: DFBPPR14790 ---- Marine protein ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.178: DFBPPR14985 ---- Microorganism protein ---- ATP-dependent DNA helicase MPH1 Source.179: DFBPPR15200 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Protein SPT3 Source.180: DFBPPR15241 ---- Microorganism protein ---- GPI mannosyltransferase 3 Source.181: DFBPPR15362 ---- Microorganism protein ---- DNA polymerase epsilon subunit B Source.182: DFBPPR15440 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Mitochondrial homologous recombination protein 1 Source.183: DFBPPR15512 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Vacuolar membrane-associated protein IML1 Source.184: DFBPPR8096 ---- Plant protein ---- Erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

Antihypertensive activity

The peptide VHW could significantly decrease the SBP at 1 and 2 h (p < 0.05), and the greatest fall of SBP from 234 to 184 mmHg happened at 2 h. Then the SBP began to recover and maintained at 203 mmHg at 8 h. It was notable that VHW achieved 31 mmHg of SBP drop at the end of determination, but Lisinopril achieved only 10 mmHg. This result implies that VHW have more durable effects on SBP than Lisinopril. VHW could also play influence on DBP and decreased the DBP from 174 to 153 mmHg at 1 h (p > 0.05).

Specific target protein(s)

N.D

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC1=CN=C-N1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(=CN2)C1=C2C=CC=C1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The ACE inhibitory peptide was in silico screened from the product generated by virtual gastrointestinal digestion of the proteins from C. vulgaris.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	The peptide was demonstrated stable against gastrointestinal digestion and ACE hydrolysis.
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

The purified peptide VHW is a possible candidate for application as a dietary supplement or as a component of a functional food product.

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPACEI1820
[D2]	DFBPMUFU0541

[D3]

[D4]

[D5]

[D6]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Xie J, Chen X, Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Tang YJ, Wei D. Antihypertensive Effects, Molecular Docking Study, and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Assay of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from Chlorella vulgaris. J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Feb 14;66(6):1359-1368. PMID: 29345929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04294
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2018