Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPDPIV0034(DPP IV-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPDPIV0034
Peptide sequence	FLQP
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	DPP-IV inhibitory peptide, Anti-diabetic peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	DPP-IV inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Phe-Leu-Gln-Pro

Single-letter amino acid

FLQP

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	503.59 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

N.D

pIC₅₀

N.D

GRAVY

0.3750^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

75%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Bovine milk protein
Precursor protein	β-Casein
Residue position	f(87-90, 102-105 ^[1])
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0388 ---- Plant protein ---- Low molecular weight glutenin subunit Source.2: DFBPPR0901 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase 2 Source.3: DFBPPR1313 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase 1 Source.4: DFBPPR1457 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase 3 Source.5: DFBPPR1475 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glutamate receptor 3.1 Source.6: DFBPPR1486 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable transcription factor RL9 Source.7: DFBPPR1788 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-galactosidase 6 Source.8: DFBPPR1871 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 17 Source.9: DFBPPR2101 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cupincin Source.10: DFBPPR2286 ---- Plant proteins ---- Proteasome subunit alpha type-4-1 Source.11: DFBPPR2390 ---- Plant proteins ---- Proteasome subunit alpha type-4-2 Source.12: DFBPPR2457 ---- Plant proteins ---- Proteasome subunit alpha type-4-3 Source.13: DFBPPR2495 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable histone acetyltransferase HAC-like 3 Source.14: DFBPPR2539 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable aldehyde oxidase 1 Source.15: DFBPPR3133 ---- Plant proteins ---- Double-stranded RNA-binding protein 8 Source.16: DFBPPR4292 ---- Plant proteins ---- Double-stranded RNA-binding protein 3 Source.17: DFBPPR4293 ---- Plant proteins ---- Double-stranded RNA-binding protein 7 Source.18: DFBPPR4818 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein transport Sec1b Source.19: DFBPPR5436 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable glutamate carboxypeptidase VP8 Source.20: DFBPPR6858 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glutenin, low molecular weight subunit 1D1 Source.21: DFBPPR6890 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glutenin, low molecular weight subunit PTDUCD1 Source.22: DFBPPR6941 ---- Plant proteins ---- Alpha/beta-gliadin A-I Source.23: DFBPPR6960 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gamma-gliadin Source.24: DFBPPR6965 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gamma-gliadin B Source.25: DFBPPR6967 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gamma-gliadin Source.26: DFBPPR6972 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gamma-gliadin B-I Source.27: DFBPPR6975 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gamma-gliadin Source.28: DFBPPR7311 ---- Plant proteins ---- B1-hordein Source.29: DFBPPR7318 ---- Plant proteins ---- B3-hordein Source.30: DFBPPR7623 ---- Milk proteins ---- Platelet glycoprotein 4 Source.31: DFBPPR7665 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.32: DFBPPR7668 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.33: DFBPPR7692 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.34: DFBPPR7700 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.35: DFBPPR7706 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.36: DFBPPR7718 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.37: DFBPPR7739 ---- Plant proteins ---- Avenin-E Source.38: DFBPPR8489 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.39: DFBPPR8501 ---- Milk proteins ---- Platelet glycoprotein 4 Source.40: DFBPPR8520 ---- Milk proteins ---- Fatty acid desaturase 3 Source.41: DFBPPR16671 ---- Animal proteins ---- Forkhead box protein I3 Source.42: DFBPPR17006 ---- Animal proteins ---- Syntaxin-17 Source.43: DFBPPR17363 ---- Animal proteins ---- Putative tyrosine-protein phosphatase auxilin Source.44: DFBPPR17662 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutathione S-transferase A1 Source.45: DFBPPR17668 ---- Animal proteins ---- 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 Source.46: DFBPPR17890 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 Source.47: DFBPPR17958 ---- Animal proteins ---- Homeobox protein NANOG Source.48: DFBPPR18023 ---- Animal proteins ---- Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 2 Source.49: DFBPPR18498 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 Source.50: DFBPPR18570 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prolyl 3-hydroxylase OGFOD1 Source.51: DFBPPR18819 ---- Animal proteins ---- Proteasome activator complex subunit 4 Source.52: DFBPPR18988 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase Source.53: DFBPPR19365 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inactive rhomboid protein 1 Source.54: DFBPPR19417 ---- Animal proteins ---- L-xylulose reductase Source.55: DFBPPR19543 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein transport protein Sec23A Source.56: DFBPPR19560 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein transport protein Sec23B Source.57: DFBPPR19974 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor Source.58: DFBPPR20836 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein RRP5 homolog Source.59: DFBPPR20968 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ras GTPase-activating protein 3 Source.60: DFBPPR21346 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ameloblastin Source.61: DFBPPR21478 ---- Animal proteins ---- FTS and Hook-interacting protein Source.62: DFBPPR21799 ---- Animal proteins ---- Major vault protein Source.63: DFBPPR21879 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein SDA1 homolog Source.64: DFBPPR22047 ---- Animal proteins ---- WD repeat-containing protein 6 Source.65: DFBPPR22339 ---- Animal proteins ---- R3H domain-containing protein 2 Source.66: DFBPPR9055 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ameloblastin Source.67: DFBPPR9073 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vitronectin Source.68: DFBPPR9336 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase Source.69: DFBPPR10104 ---- Animal proteins ---- Bloom syndrome protein homolog Source.70: DFBPPR10112 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 Source.71: DFBPPR10177 ---- Animal proteins ---- Talin-1 Source.72: DFBPPR10360 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 Source.73: DFBPPR10460 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 Source.74: DFBPPR10573 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal-glial cell adhesion molecule Source.75: DFBPPR11172 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein transport protein Sec16B Source.76: DFBPPR11236 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein transport protein Sec23A Source.77: DFBPPR11273 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 Source.78: DFBPPR11349 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutathione S-transferase Source.79: DFBPPR11363 ---- Animal proteins ---- Forkhead box protein D3 Source.80: DFBPPR11419 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutathione S-transferase Source.81: DFBPPR11514 ---- Animal proteins ---- Homeobox protein Hox-D11 Source.82: DFBPPR11534 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 80 Source.83: DFBPPR11593 ---- Animal proteins ---- Syndetin Source.84: DFBPPR12149 ---- Animal proteins ---- Major vault protein Source.85: DFBPPR12275 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ryanodine receptor 3 Source.86: DFBPPR12660 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 9 Source.87: DFBPPR12723 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutathione S-transferase alpha I Source.88: DFBPPR12829 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutathione S-transferase Yc Source.89: DFBPPR13869 ---- Animal proteins ---- Keratin, high sulfur matrix protein, IIIB4 Source.90: DFBPPR14089 ---- Marine protein ---- Flap endonuclease 1 Source.91: DFBPPR14299 ---- Marine protein ---- Phycobiliprotein ApcE Source.92: DFBPPR14939 ---- Microorganism protein ---- ATP-dependent DNA helicase II subunit 1 Source.93: DFBPPR14991 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Actin cytoskeleton-regulatory complex protein PAN1 Source.94: DFBPPR15027 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Histone acetyltransferase GCN5 Source.95: DFBPPR15041 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Autophagy protein 5 Source.96: DFBPPR15500 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 5 Source.97: DFBPPR15564 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Protein ZIP2 Source.98: DFBPPR7924 ---- Plant protein ---- Kafirin PSKR2 Source.99: DFBPPR8072 ---- Plant protein ---- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

DPP IV-inhibitory activity

The peptide showed potent Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) inhibitory activity with the IC₅₀ values of 65.3 μM and the type of inhibition was competitive. Comapred with other peptides, as shown in table1.

Table 1 IC₅₀ (μM) values of synthetic peptides against DPP-IV activity and the type of inhibition.
Peptides	DPP-IV IC₅₀ (μM)	Type of inhibition
IPI	3.5 ± 0.2	Competitive
FLQP	65.3 ± 3.5	Competitive
IP	149.6 ± 6.1	Competitive
WIQP	237.3 ± 1.3	Non-competitive
VLGP	580.4 ± 11.3	Competitive
YP	658.1 ± 8.0	Competitive
LP	712.5 ± 11.0	Competitive
VR	826.1 ± 30.1	Non-competitive
VRGP	> 3000	Not determined
QP	> 4000	Not determined
IQP	> 4000	Not determined
NP	> 20000	Not determined
GP	-	Not applicable
HQP	-	Not applicable
ITP	-	Not applicable
KHP	-	Not applicable
KYP	-	Not applicable
NSLP	-	Not applicable
VEP	-	Not applicable

Specific target protein(s)

Specific Target Protein(s):
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The β-casein were digested in silico with a prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) activity to release peptides with a Pro residue at the C terminus.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:

In silico digestion with gastrointestinal enzyme activities was subsequently carried out on the eight casein-derived peptides which inhibited DPP-IV. Of the eight DPP-IV inhibitory peptides studied herein, two (Asn-Pro and Ile-Pro) could not theoretically be further cleaved by pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Six (Tyr-Pro, Leu-Pro, Trp-Ile-Gln-Pro, Val- Leu-Gly-Pro, Phe-Leu-Gln-Pro and Val-Arg-Gly-Pro) were theoretically cleaved. Apart from Gly-Pro, which was predicted to be released by chymotryptic action on Val-Leu-Gly-Pro and the tryptic action of Val-Arg-Gly-Pro, all the other breakdown peptides (Val-Arg, Ile-Gln-Pro and Gln-Pro) were DPP-IV inhibitors. However, these were not potent DPP-IV inhibitors as their IC₅₀ values ranged from 826.1 ± 30.1 to > 4000 μM (Table 1). Trp and Leu, which were predicted to be released from four peptides (Leu-Pro, Trp-Ile-Gln-Pro, Val-Leu-Gly-Pro and Phe-Leu-Gln-Pro), have previously been identified as weak DPP-IV inhibitors with IC₅₀ values of 4280 ± 48 and 3419 ± 56 μM, respectively.

EHP-Tool:

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

This peptide was obtained by a prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) digestion in silico, and it was not verified whether the peptide could be efficiently released by the enzyme.

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Nongonierma, A.B., FitzGerald, R.J. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) by proline containing casein-derived peptides. Journal of Functional Foods. 2013, 5, 1909-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.012
Other literature(s)	[1] Nongonierma A B, Fitzgerald R J. Structure activity relationship modelling of milk protein-derived peptides with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity[J]. Peptides, 2016, 79:1-7.
PubDate	2013