Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPDPIV0036(DPP IV-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPDPIV0036
Peptide sequence	VLGP
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	DPP-IV inhibitory peptide, Anti-diabetic peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	DPP-IV inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Val-Leu-Gly-Pro

Single-letter amino acid

VLGP

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	384.47 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

N.D

pIC₅₀

N.D

GRAVY

1.5000^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Bovine milk protein
Precursor protein	β-Casein
Residue position	f(197-200)
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0951 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calpain-type cysteine protease ADL1 Source.2: DFBPPR1059 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA replication licensing factor MCM2 Source.3: DFBPPR1174 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 30 Source.4: DFBPPR1689 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin response factor 21 Source.5: DFBPPR1725 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable inactive UDP-arabinopyranose mutase 2 Source.6: DFBPPR1766 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ethylene receptor 4 Source.7: DFBPPR2281 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytokinin dehydrogenase 8 Source.8: DFBPPR2336 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5 Source.9: DFBPPR2470 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein disulfide isomerase-like 2-2 Source.10: DFBPPR2556 ---- Plant proteins ---- Lon protease homolog 2, peroxisomal Source.11: DFBPPR2718 ---- Plant proteins ---- Kinesin-like protein KIN-14M Source.12: DFBPPR3278 ---- Plant proteins ---- Plant intracellular Ras-group-related LRR protein 3 Source.13: DFBPPR3445 ---- Plant proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR Source.14: DFBPPR3638 ---- Plant proteins ---- 4-coumarate--CoA ligase-like 6 Source.15: DFBPPR3799 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 42 Source.16: DFBPPR3817 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-galactosidase 4 Source.17: DFBPPR4052 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-galactosidase 9 Source.18: DFBPPR4121 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein argonaute 1C Source.19: DFBPPR4994 ---- Plant proteins ---- 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase Source.20: DFBPPR5085 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pyruvate kinase, cytosolic isozyme Source.21: DFBPPR5256 ---- Plant proteins ---- Early nodulin-70 Source.22: DFBPPR5621 ---- Plant proteins ---- Lon protease homolog 2, peroxisomal Source.23: DFBPPR5767 ---- Plant proteins ---- Teosinte glume architecture 1 Source.24: DFBPPR6010 ---- Plant proteins ---- Teosinte glume architecture 1 Source.25: DFBPPR6087 ---- Plant proteins ---- 40S ribosomal protein S14 Source.26: DFBPPR6090 ---- Plant proteins ---- 40S ribosomal protein S14 Source.27: DFBPPR6415 ---- Plant proteins ---- Trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase Source.28: DFBPPR6685 ---- Plant proteins ---- Rust resistance kinase Lr10 Source.29: DFBPPR7600 ---- Milk proteins ---- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Source.30: DFBPPR7692 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.31: DFBPPR7700 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.32: DFBPPR7718 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.33: DFBPPR8489 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.34: DFBPPR8507 ---- Milk proteins ---- Polycystin-2 Source.35: DFBPPR15954 ---- Animal proteins ---- Thyroid peroxidase Source.36: DFBPPR16069 ---- Animal proteins ---- T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 Source.37: DFBPPR16104 ---- Animal proteins ---- Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 Source.38: DFBPPR16114 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-5(IV) chain Source.39: DFBPPR16125 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat shock factor protein 4 Source.40: DFBPPR16169 ---- Animal proteins ---- 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 9 Source.41: DFBPPR16223 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin-histidine N-methyltransferase Source.42: DFBPPR16467 ---- Animal proteins ---- Opticin Source.43: DFBPPR16519 ---- Animal proteins ---- Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC8 Source.44: DFBPPR16900 ---- Animal proteins ---- cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit Source.45: DFBPPR16911 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrial Source.46: DFBPPR16980 ---- Animal proteins ---- 3-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 4-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase FUT3 Source.47: DFBPPR17003 ---- Animal proteins ---- Toll-like receptor 9 Source.48: DFBPPR17044 ---- Animal proteins ---- N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D Source.49: DFBPPR17100 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylserine lipase ABHD16A Source.50: DFBPPR17120 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 7 Source.51: DFBPPR17473 ---- Animal proteins ---- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM71 Source.52: DFBPPR17575 ---- Animal proteins ---- A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 Source.53: DFBPPR17629 ---- Animal proteins ---- Thiamine-triphosphatase Source.54: DFBPPR17630 ---- Animal proteins ---- Thiamine-triphosphatase Source.55: DFBPPR17785 ---- Animal proteins ---- MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 3 Source.56: DFBPPR17818 ---- Animal proteins ---- Endoribonuclease Dicer Source.57: DFBPPR17878 ---- Animal proteins ---- 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 9 Source.58: DFBPPR17920 ---- Animal proteins ---- Rod outer segment membrane protein 1 Source.59: DFBPPR17993 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 Source.60: DFBPPR18204 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein Source.61: DFBPPR18205 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein Source.62: DFBPPR18380 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytosolic carboxypeptidase-like protein 5 Source.63: DFBPPR18582 ---- Animal proteins ---- Retinol-binding protein 3 Source.64: DFBPPR18999 ---- Animal proteins ---- Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 74 Source.65: DFBPPR19005 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein 746 Source.66: DFBPPR19055 ---- Animal proteins ---- Complement factor D Source.67: DFBPPR19091 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ribonuclease H2 subunit A Source.68: DFBPPR19100 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interleukin-34 Source.69: DFBPPR19162 ---- Animal proteins ---- Macrophage-capping protein Source.70: DFBPPR19215 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dysferlin Source.71: DFBPPR19250 ---- Animal proteins ---- Brevican core protein Source.72: DFBPPR19467 ---- Animal proteins ---- Integral membrane protein GPR137 Source.73: DFBPPR19492 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 4 Source.74: DFBPPR19528 ---- Animal proteins ---- Methionine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic Source.75: DFBPPR19556 ---- Animal proteins ---- Suppressor of tumorigenicity 14 protein homolog Source.76: DFBPPR19558 ---- Animal proteins ---- Polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase NOL9 Source.77: DFBPPR19630 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glycerol kinase Source.78: DFBPPR19878 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ankyrin repeat and zinc finger domain-containing protein 1 Source.79: DFBPPR20255 ---- Animal proteins ---- Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2-like protein 2 Source.80: DFBPPR20335 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 1 Source.81: DFBPPR20375 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX56 Source.82: DFBPPR20952 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase, mitochondrial Source.83: DFBPPR21609 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein PHTF1 Source.84: DFBPPR21622 ---- Animal proteins ---- 60S ribosomal protein L7a Source.85: DFBPPR21699 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 208 Source.86: DFBPPR21725 ---- Animal proteins ---- TBCC domain-containing protein 1 Source.87: DFBPPR21874 ---- Animal proteins ---- Oncoprotein-induced transcript 3 protein Source.88: DFBPPR21940 ---- Animal proteins ---- G patch domain-containing protein 1 Source.89: DFBPPR22326 ---- Animal proteins ---- WD repeat-containing protein 70 Source.90: DFBPPR22525 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein ZBED8 Source.91: DFBPPR22542 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 151B Source.92: DFBPPR22632 ---- Animal proteins ---- LysM and putative peptidoglycan-binding domain-containing protein 1 Source.93: DFBPPR8596 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gelsolin Source.94: DFBPPR8916 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Source.95: DFBPPR8981 ---- Animal proteins ---- Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein Source.96: DFBPPR9109 ---- Animal proteins ---- Natriuretic peptides B Source.97: DFBPPR9167 ---- Animal proteins ---- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor Source.98: DFBPPR9543 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-glucuronidase Source.99: DFBPPR9545 ---- Animal proteins ---- Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic Source.100: DFBPPR9580 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 Source.101: DFBPPR9714 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 Source.102: DFBPPR9774 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase alpha Source.103: DFBPPR9808 ---- Animal proteins ---- Epidermal growth factor-like protein 8 Source.104: DFBPPR9939 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tctex1 domain-containing protein 4 Source.105: DFBPPR10351 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein sidekick-2 Source.106: DFBPPR10450 ---- Animal proteins ---- cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit Source.107: DFBPPR10650 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gelsolin Source.108: DFBPPR10705 ---- Animal proteins ---- Endoribonuclease Dicer Source.109: DFBPPR10842 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc transporter 5 Source.110: DFBPPR11013 ---- Animal proteins ---- Band 3 anion transport protein Source.111: DFBPPR11044 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial proton/calcium exchanger protein Source.112: DFBPPR11085 ---- Animal proteins ---- Putative oxidoreductase GLYR1 Source.113: DFBPPR11561 ---- Animal proteins ---- Microtubule-associated protein 6 homolog Source.114: DFBPPR11632 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 1 Source.115: DFBPPR11891 ---- Animal proteins ---- TBCC domain-containing protein 1 Source.116: DFBPPR11981 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histone deacetylase complex subunit SAP130 Source.117: DFBPPR12149 ---- Animal proteins ---- Major vault protein Source.118: DFBPPR12154 ---- Animal proteins ---- 60S ribosomal protein L7a Source.119: DFBPPR12184 ---- Animal proteins ---- GRIN2-like protein Source.120: DFBPPR12193 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein FAM122A Source.121: DFBPPR12344 ---- Animal proteins ---- MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 Source.122: DFBPPR12351 ---- Animal proteins ---- 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain Source.123: DFBPPR12396 ---- Animal proteins ---- Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A Source.124: DFBPPR12420 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3 Source.125: DFBPPR12447 ---- Animal proteins ---- Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 Source.126: DFBPPR12491 ---- Animal proteins ---- Matrix metalloproteinase-9 Source.127: DFBPPR12544 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 Source.128: DFBPPR12851 ---- Animal proteins ---- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 Source.129: DFBPPR13023 ---- Animal proteins ---- Elongator complex protein 1 Source.130: DFBPPR13225 ---- Animal proteins ---- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A Source.131: DFBPPR13229 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gelsolin Source.132: DFBPPR13576 ---- Animal proteins ---- Toll-like receptor 9 Source.133: DFBPPR14122 ---- Marine protein ---- Galactocerebrosidase Source.134: DFBPPR14202 ---- Marine protein ---- Phosphotriesterase-related protein Source.135: DFBPPR14438 ---- Marine protein ---- 50S ribosomal protein L1, chloroplastic Source.136: DFBPPR14567 ---- Marine protein ---- C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 Source.137: DFBPPR14569 ---- Marine protein ---- Collagen alpha-2(I) chain Source.138: DFBPPR14572 ---- Marine protein ---- V(D)J recombination-activating protein 1 Source.139: DFBPPR14907 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Adenylyltransferase and sulfurtransferase UBA4 Source.140: DFBPPR14992 ---- Microorganism protein ---- DNA repair protein RAD5 Source.141: DFBPPR15055 ---- Microorganism protein ---- DNA damage-inducible protein 1 Source.142: DFBPPR15474 ---- Microorganism protein ---- GPN-loop GTPase 3 Source.143: DFBPPR15861 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Pyruvate kinase Source.144: DFBPPR15864 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Hydrophobin-3
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

DPP IV-inhibitory activity

The peptide showed potent Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) inhibitory activity with the IC₅₀ values of 580.4 μM and the type of inhibition was competitive. Comapred with other peptides, as shown in table1.

Table 1 IC₅₀ (μM) values of synthetic peptides against DPP-IV activity and the type of inhibition.
Peptides	DPP-IV IC₅₀ (μM)	Type of inhibition
IPI	3.5 ± 0.2	Competitive
FLQP	65.3 ± 3.5	Competitive
IP	149.6 ± 6.1	Competitive
WIQP	237.3 ± 1.3	Non-competitive
VLGP	580.4 ± 11.3	Competitive
YP	658.1 ± 8.0	Competitive
LP	712.5 ± 11.0	Competitive
VR	826.1 ± 30.1	Non-competitive
VRGP	> 3000	Not determined
QP	> 4000	Not determined
IQP	> 4000	Not determined
NP	> 20000	Not determined
GP	-	Not applicable
HQP	-	Not applicable
ITP	-	Not applicable
KHP	-	Not applicable
KYP	-	Not applicable
NSLP	-	Not applicable
VEP	-	Not applicable

Specific target protein(s)

Specific Target Protein(s):
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The β-casein were digested in silico with a prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) activity to release peptides with a Pro residue at the C terminus.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:

In silico digestion with gastrointestinal enzyme activities was subsequently carried out on the eight casein-derived peptides which inhibited DPP-IV. Of the eight DPP-IV inhibitory peptides studied herein, two (Asn-Pro and Ile-Pro) could not theoretically be further cleaved by pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Six (Tyr-Pro, Leu-Pro, Trp-Ile-Gln-Pro, Val- Leu-Gly-Pro, Phe-Leu-Gln-Pro and Val-Arg-Gly-Pro) were theoretically cleaved. Apart from Gly-Pro, which was predicted to be released by chymotryptic action on Val-Leu-Gly-Pro and the tryptic action of Val-Arg-Gly-Pro, all the other breakdown peptides (Val-Arg, Ile-Gln-Pro and Gln-Pro) were DPP-IV inhibitors. However, these were not potent DPP-IV inhibitors as their IC₅₀ values ranged from 826.1 ± 30.1 to > 4000 μM (Table 1). Trp and Leu, which were predicted to be released from four peptides (Leu-Pro, Trp-Ile-Gln-Pro, Val-Leu-Gly-Pro and Phe-Leu-Gln-Pro), have previously been identified as weak DPP-IV inhibitors with IC₅₀ values of 4280 ± 48 and 3419 ± 56 μM, respectively.

EHP-Tool:

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

This peptide was obtained by a prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) digestion in silico, and it was not verified whether the peptide could be efficiently released by the enzyme.

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Nongonierma, A.B., FitzGerald, R.J. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) by proline containing casein-derived peptides. Journal of Functional Foods. 2013, 5, 1909-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.012
Other literature(s)	[1] Nongonierma A B, Fitzgerald R J. Structure activity relationship modelling of milk protein-derived peptides with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity[J]. Peptides, 2016, 79:1-7.
PubDate	2013