Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPDPIV0055(DPP IV-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPDPIV0055
Peptide sequence	AIAV
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	DPP-IV inhibitory peptide, Anti-diabetic peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	DPP-IV inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Ala-Ile-Ala-Val

Single-letter amino acid

AIAV

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	372.45 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

N.D

pIC₅₀

N.D

GRAVY

3.0750^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Plant, Marine
Organism/Source	Macroalga Palmaria palmata, Galdieria sulphurariaa (E3UIU0)
Precursor protein	Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein or A1/Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A2
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0946 ---- Plant proteins ---- L-type lectin-domain containing receptor kinase SIT1 Source.2: DFBPPR0956 ---- Plant proteins ---- LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase SIK1 Source.3: DFBPPR1065 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein TIFY 3 Source.4: DFBPPR1130 ---- Plant proteins ---- Hexokinase-4, chloroplastic Source.5: DFBPPR1270 ---- Plant proteins ---- Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase BRL1 Source.6: DFBPPR1400 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cellulose synthase-like protein D4 Source.7: DFBPPR1414 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cellulose synthase-like protein D1 Source.8: DFBPPR1438 ---- Plant proteins ---- High-affinity nitrate transporter 2.3 Source.9: DFBPPR1481 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat receptor protein kinase MSL1 Source.10: DFBPPR1482 ---- Plant proteins ---- Fructokinase-1 Source.11: DFBPPR1492 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cation-transporting ATPase HMA5 Source.12: DFBPPR1520 ---- Plant proteins ---- Very-long-chain aldehyde decarbonylase GL1-3 Source.13: DFBPPR1552 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase proenzyme 2 Source.14: DFBPPR1705 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable GTP-binding protein OBGC1, chloroplastic Source.15: DFBPPR1880 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative laccase-11 Source.16: DFBPPR1947 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calcium-transporting ATPase 10, plasma membrane-type Source.17: DFBPPR1995 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pectinesterase inhibitor 28 Source.18: DFBPPR2094 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine aminopeptidase 2, chloroplastic Source.19: DFBPPR2105 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cellulose synthase-like protein D2 Source.20: DFBPPR2110 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sugar transport protein MST4 Source.21: DFBPPR2112 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cellulose synthase-like protein H1 Source.22: DFBPPR2264 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 3 homolog 1 Source.23: DFBPPR2276 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable calcium-transporting ATPase 6, plasma membrane-type Source.24: DFBPPR2308 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger BED domain-containing protein RICESLEEPER 1 Source.25: DFBPPR2339 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger BED domain-containing protein RICESLEEPER 2 Source.26: DFBPPR2448 ---- Plant proteins ---- Expansin-A9 Source.27: DFBPPR2482 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable allantoinase Source.28: DFBPPR2583 ---- Plant proteins ---- Thioredoxin-like 2, chloroplastic Source.29: DFBPPR2744 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger BED domain-containing protein RICESLEEPER 3 Source.30: DFBPPR2762 ---- Plant proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase BSL1 homolog Source.31: DFBPPR2772 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 44 Source.32: DFBPPR2803 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 5 Source.33: DFBPPR2835 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger BED domain-containing protein RICESLEEPER 4 Source.34: DFBPPR2904 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tryptamine hydroxycinnamoyltransferase 2 Source.35: DFBPPR2984 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable homogentisate phytyltransferase 2, chloroplastic Source.36: DFBPPR2993 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-glucosidase 5 Source.37: DFBPPR3119 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 39 Source.38: DFBPPR3122 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable GTP diphosphokinase RSH2, chloroplastic Source.39: DFBPPR3128 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 41 Source.40: DFBPPR3198 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 59 Source.41: DFBPPR3218 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable lipoxygenase 6 Source.42: DFBPPR3254 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 10 Source.43: DFBPPR3558 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 45 Source.44: DFBPPR3676 ---- Plant proteins ---- Endoglucanase 6 Source.45: DFBPPR3737 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 28 Source.46: DFBPPR3935 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sucrose synthase 4 Source.47: DFBPPR4061 ---- Plant proteins ---- Chaperone protein ClpC4, chloroplastic Source.48: DFBPPR4069 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative magnesium transporter MRS2-D Source.49: DFBPPR4238 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative magnesium transporter MRS2-H Source.50: DFBPPR4239 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable metal-nicotianamine transporter YSL10 Source.51: DFBPPR4639 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 4D1 Source.52: DFBPPR4702 ---- Plant proteins ---- Uncharacterized protein ycf73 Source.53: DFBPPR4855 ---- Plant proteins ---- B3 domain-containing protein Os03g0184500 Source.54: DFBPPR4914 ---- Plant proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein kinase BSK1-2 Source.55: DFBPPR4946 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-fructofuranosidase, insoluble isoenzyme 6 Source.56: DFBPPR4961 ---- Plant proteins ---- Dynamin-related protein 12A Source.57: DFBPPR4976 ---- Plant proteins ---- Dynamin-related protein 5A Source.58: DFBPPR5118 ---- Plant proteins ---- Trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase Source.59: DFBPPR5390 ---- Plant proteins ---- 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1, chloroplastic Source.60: DFBPPR5491 ---- Plant proteins ---- Chlorophyll a-b binding protein 48, chloroplastic Source.61: DFBPPR5545 ---- Plant proteins ---- Fructokinase-1 Source.62: DFBPPR5675 ---- Plant proteins ---- Enolase 2 Source.63: DFBPPR5883 ---- Plant proteins ---- Homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 Source.64: DFBPPR5947 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aquaporin TIP2-2 Source.65: DFBPPR6027 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) Source.66: DFBPPR6143 ---- Plant proteins ---- Uncharacterized protein ycf73 Source.67: DFBPPR6216 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferase, chloroplastic Source.68: DFBPPR6506 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sucrose synthase 2 Source.69: DFBPPR6815 ---- Plant proteins ---- Oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2, chloroplastic Source.70: DFBPPR6867 ---- Plant proteins ---- Retinoblastoma-related protein 1 Source.71: DFBPPR6888 ---- Plant proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 Source.72: DFBPPR7028 ---- Plant proteins ---- Agmatine coumaroyltransferase-1 Source.73: DFBPPR7057 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pyrophosphate-energized vacuolar membrane proton pump Source.74: DFBPPR7240 ---- Plant proteins ---- Agmatine coumaroyltransferase-2 Source.75: DFBPPR8373 ---- Plant proteins ---- Non-specific lipid-transfer protein Source.76: DFBPPR16004 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 Source.77: DFBPPR16010 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type Source.78: DFBPPR16081 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 Source.79: DFBPPR16251 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A2a Source.80: DFBPPR16495 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 52 homolog Source.81: DFBPPR16533 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A3 Source.82: DFBPPR16545 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable G-protein coupled receptor 83 Source.83: DFBPPR16574 ---- Animal proteins ---- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor Source.84: DFBPPR16840 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 Source.85: DFBPPR16938 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 Source.86: DFBPPR17061 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 Source.87: DFBPPR17509 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type Source.88: DFBPPR17889 ---- Animal proteins ---- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor Source.89: DFBPPR17896 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lethal(2) giant larvae protein homolog 1 Source.90: DFBPPR18029 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-3(IV) chain Source.91: DFBPPR18256 ---- Animal proteins ---- Proteasome subunit beta type-10 Source.92: DFBPPR18376 ---- Animal proteins ---- 2-iminobutanoate/2-iminopropanoate deaminase Source.93: DFBPPR18389 ---- Animal proteins ---- Short transient receptor potential channel 6 Source.94: DFBPPR18747 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A1 Source.95: DFBPPR18816 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial Source.96: DFBPPR18893 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog Source.97: DFBPPR19176 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain Source.98: DFBPPR19352 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit GRINL1A Source.99: DFBPPR19394 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 10 member 6 Source.100: DFBPPR20366 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 Source.101: DFBPPR20626 ---- Animal proteins ---- Melanocortin receptor 5 Source.102: DFBPPR21175 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A3 Source.103: DFBPPR21205 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex assembly factor 2 Source.104: DFBPPR21335 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 124 Source.105: DFBPPR22005 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 81 Source.106: DFBPPR22059 ---- Animal proteins ---- Immediate early response 3-interacting protein 1 Source.107: DFBPPR22247 ---- Animal proteins ---- NXPE family member 3 Source.108: DFBPPR22355 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutamine-rich protein 1 Source.109: DFBPPR22638 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 175 Source.110: DFBPPR8555 ---- Animal proteins ---- Membrane cofactor protein Source.111: DFBPPR8602 ---- Animal proteins ---- TGF-beta receptor type-2 Source.112: DFBPPR8677 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform Source.113: DFBPPR8702 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 Source.114: DFBPPR8742 ---- Animal proteins ---- Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 Source.115: DFBPPR8780 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type Source.116: DFBPPR9167 ---- Animal proteins ---- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor Source.117: DFBPPR9203 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 Source.118: DFBPPR9518 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interleukin-5 Source.119: DFBPPR9924 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal protein NP-190 Source.120: DFBPPR9986 ---- Animal proteins ---- Aggrecan core protein Source.121: DFBPPR10018 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx Source.122: DFBPPR10027 ---- Animal proteins ---- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D Source.123: DFBPPR10098 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mucin-6 Source.124: DFBPPR10133 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gap junction alpha-8 protein Source.125: DFBPPR10173 ---- Animal proteins ---- Teneurin-1 Source.126: DFBPPR10177 ---- Animal proteins ---- Talin-1 Source.127: DFBPPR10282 ---- Animal proteins ---- Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs Source.128: DFBPPR10411 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit Source.129: DFBPPR10423 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sortilin-related receptor Source.130: DFBPPR10659 ---- Animal proteins ---- Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 Source.131: DFBPPR10999 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A1 Source.132: DFBPPR11083 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 Source.133: DFBPPR11625 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tripartite motif-containing protein 59 Source.134: DFBPPR11637 ---- Animal proteins ---- 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase JMJD4 Source.135: DFBPPR11653 ---- Animal proteins ---- Erythroblast NAD(P)(+)--arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase Source.136: DFBPPR12098 ---- Animal proteins ---- NEDD4-binding protein 1 Source.137: DFBPPR12286 ---- Animal proteins ---- Helicase-like transcription factor Source.138: DFBPPR12310 ---- Animal proteins ---- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C Source.139: DFBPPR12311 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Source.140: DFBPPR12321 ---- Animal proteins ---- Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B Source.141: DFBPPR12323 ---- Animal proteins ---- Flavin-containing monooxygenase 5 Source.142: DFBPPR12342 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type Source.143: DFBPPR12356 ---- Animal proteins ---- Very low-density lipoprotein receptor Source.144: DFBPPR12359 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 Source.145: DFBPPR12374 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sortilin-related receptor Source.146: DFBPPR12388 ---- Animal proteins ---- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S Source.147: DFBPPR12396 ---- Animal proteins ---- Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A Source.148: DFBPPR12422 ---- Animal proteins ---- Voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E Source.149: DFBPPR12944 ---- Animal proteins ---- Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 Source.150: DFBPPR12958 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuromedin-K receptor Source.151: DFBPPR12963 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A3 Source.152: DFBPPR13010 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter Source.153: DFBPPR13022 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 13 member 2 Source.154: DFBPPR13161 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 Source.155: DFBPPR13183 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type Source.156: DFBPPR13426 ---- Animal proteins ---- 2-iminobutanoate/2-iminopropanoate deaminase Source.157: DFBPPR13509 ---- Animal proteins ---- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor Source.158: DFBPPR13565 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 Source.159: DFBPPR13701 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 Source.160: DFBPPR13728 ---- Animal proteins ---- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor Source.161: DFBPPR13830 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A3 Source.162: DFBPPR13882 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 Source.163: DFBPPR13892 ---- Animal proteins ---- Melanocortin receptor 5 Source.164: DFBPPR14003 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type skeletal muscle calcium channel subunit alpha-1 Source.165: DFBPPR14077 ---- Marine protein ---- Serotransferrin-1 Source.166: DFBPPR14080 ---- Marine protein ---- Serotransferrin-2 Source.167: DFBPPR14126 ---- Marine protein ---- Nuclear cap-binding protein subunit 1 Source.168: DFBPPR14336 ---- Marine protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A2 Source.169: DFBPPR14356 ---- Marine protein ---- Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit alpha Source.170: DFBPPR14598 ---- Marine protein ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 Source.171: DFBPPR14615 ---- Marine protein ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 Source.172: DFBPPR14640 ---- Marine protein ---- Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx3 Source.173: DFBPPR14905 ---- Microorganism protein ---- H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunit CBF5 Source.174: DFBPPR15108 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, mitochondrial Source.175: DFBPPR15221 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial Source.176: DFBPPR15279 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Nuclear fusion protein KAR5 Source.177: DFBPPR15501 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Plasma membrane fusion protein PRM1 Source.178: DFBPPR15538 ---- Microorganism protein ---- pH-response regulator protein palA/RIM20 Source.179: DFBPPR15807 ---- Microorganism protein ---- PTS system sorbose-specific EIIB component Source.180: DFBPPR7847 ---- Plant protein ---- Non-specific lipid-transfer protein 1 Source.181: DFBPPR7883 ---- Plant protein ---- Non-specific lipid-transfer protein 2 Source.182: DFBPPR8230 ---- Plant protein ---- Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.183: DFBPPR8264 ---- Plant protein ---- NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase subunit 6, chloroplastic
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

DPP IV-inhibitory activity

The peptide AIAV showed some Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) inhibitory activity when assessed at 1.5 mM and the peptide exhibited 9.28 ± 0.53% inhibitory activity.

Table 1 Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV inhibitory activity of synthetic peptides
Peptides	% inhibition	IC₅₀ (μg/ml)	IC₅₀ (μM)
ALAV	29.44 ± 2.92^d	n.d.	n.d.
AIAV	9.28 ± 0.53^e	n.d.	n.d.
LIAP	10.52 ± 2.67 ^e	n.d.	n.d.
IIAP	n.a.	n.d.	n.d.
ILAP	93.81 ± 1.62 ^a	17.90 ± 0.58 ^b	43.40 ± 1.40 ^b
LLAP	92.40 ± 2.62 ^a	22.14 ± 0.34 ^b	53.67 ± 0.82 ^b
VGGSDLQALK	37.05 ± 1.16 ^c	n.d.	n.d.
MAGVDHI	89.81 ± 0.23 ^a	118.23 ± 10.14 ^c	159.37 ± 13.67 ^c
GLVGPDAGKEMG	43.85 ± 1.21 ^b	n.d.	n.d.
Diprotin A (IPI)	-	1.24 ± 0.01 ^a	3.62 ± 0.02 ^a

Mean ± SD (n = 3). % inhibition studies were performed at 1.5 mM. IC₅₀: inhibitory concentration that inhibits enzyme activity by 50%. n.d. not determined. n.a. no activity detected. Values with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Specific target protein(s)

Specific Target Protein(s):
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])([C@]([H])(CC)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	A 2% (w/v) aqueous protein solution was preheated to 50 °C and adjusted to pH 7.0 and hydrolysed with Corolase PP at an enzyme:substrate (E:S) ratio of 1% (w/w) for 240 min at 50 °C. The hydrolysis reaction was maintained at pH 7.0 using a pH-stat.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

N.D

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Harnedy PA, O'Keeffe MB, FitzGerald RJ. Purification and identification of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV inhibitory peptides from the macroalga Palmaria palmata. Food Chem. 2015 Apr 1;172:400-6. PMID: 25442570 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.083
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2015