Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPDPIV0059(DPP IV-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPDPIV0059
Peptide sequence	LLAP
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	DPP-IV inhibitory peptide, Anti-diabetic peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	DPP-IV inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Leu-Leu-Ala-Pro

Single-letter amino acid

LLAP

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	412.51 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

N.D

pIC₅₀

N.D

GRAVY

1.9500^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Plant, Marine
Organism/Source	Macroalga Palmaria palmata (Multiple rhodophyta species)
Precursor protein	The aqueous Palmaria palmata protein extract (Multiple protein sequences)
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0921 ---- Plant proteins ---- Very-long-chain aldehyde decarbonylase GL1-5 Source.2: DFBPPR0934 ---- Plant proteins ---- LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase FLS2 Source.3: DFBPPR1060 ---- Plant proteins ---- WRKY transcription factor WRKY62 Source.4: DFBPPR1117 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cadmium/zinc-transporting ATPase HMA3 Source.5: DFBPPR1133 ---- Plant proteins ---- Polycomb group protein FIE1 Source.6: DFBPPR1332 ---- Plant proteins ---- Flap endonuclease 1-B Source.7: DFBPPR1407 ---- Plant proteins ---- Indole-3-acetate O-methyltransferase 1 Source.8: DFBPPR1413 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.9: DFBPPR1512 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 714D1 Source.10: DFBPPR1536 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein DWARF 53 Source.11: DFBPPR1644 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator 1, chloroplastic Source.12: DFBPPR1692 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator 2, chloroplastic Source.13: DFBPPR1695 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit 11 [UDP-forming] Source.14: DFBPPR1734 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable mixed-linked glucan synthase 9 Source.15: DFBPPR1756 ---- Plant proteins ---- Soluble starch synthase 2-1, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.16: DFBPPR1814 ---- Plant proteins ---- Histone deacetylase 2 Source.17: DFBPPR1842 ---- Plant proteins ---- 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase DAO Source.18: DFBPPR1845 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative laccase-17 Source.19: DFBPPR1974 ---- Plant proteins ---- U-box domain-containing protein 12 Source.20: DFBPPR2002 ---- Plant proteins ---- bZIP transcription factor 60 Source.21: DFBPPR2052 ---- Plant proteins ---- Laccase-23 Source.22: DFBPPR2054 ---- Plant proteins ---- NAC domain-containing protein 10 Source.23: DFBPPR2102 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 12 Source.24: DFBPPR2111 ---- Plant proteins ---- Iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein 1 Source.25: DFBPPR2129 ---- Plant proteins ---- Kinesin-like protein KIN-5C Source.26: DFBPPR2180 ---- Plant proteins ---- UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase Source.27: DFBPPR2186 ---- Plant proteins ---- UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1 Source.28: DFBPPR2187 ---- Plant proteins ---- Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2-B Source.29: DFBPPR2313 ---- Plant proteins ---- Kinesin-like protein KIN-UA Source.30: DFBPPR2336 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5 Source.31: DFBPPR2360 ---- Plant proteins ---- NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase subunit 3, chloroplastic Source.32: DFBPPR2409 ---- Plant proteins ---- Histone deacetylase 3 Source.33: DFBPPR2420 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable transcription factor GLK1 Source.34: DFBPPR2492 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.35: DFBPPR2576 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable glycosyltransferase 4 Source.36: DFBPPR2706 ---- Plant proteins ---- Kinesin-like protein KIN-14H Source.37: DFBPPR2758 ---- Plant proteins ---- Expansin-B17 Source.38: DFBPPR2771 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin response factor 9 Source.39: DFBPPR2808 ---- Plant proteins ---- Origin of replication complex subunit 1 Source.40: DFBPPR2839 ---- Plant proteins ---- Multicopper oxidase LPR1 homolog 2 Source.41: DFBPPR2876 ---- Plant proteins ---- Kinesin-like protein KIN-5A Source.42: DFBPPR2881 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein NAP1 Source.43: DFBPPR2914 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glutelin type-D 1 Source.44: DFBPPR3064 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable metal-nicotianamine transporter YSL9 Source.45: DFBPPR3144 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 6 Source.46: DFBPPR3218 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable lipoxygenase 6 Source.47: DFBPPR3273 ---- Plant proteins ---- Dephospho-CoA kinase Source.48: DFBPPR3309 ---- Plant proteins ---- Membrane steroid-binding protein 2 Source.49: DFBPPR3350 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 22 Source.50: DFBPPR3373 ---- Plant proteins ---- 4-coumarate--CoA ligase-like 1 Source.51: DFBPPR3406 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable metal-nicotianamine transporter YSL16 Source.52: DFBPPR3479 ---- Plant proteins ---- Expansin-like A1 Source.53: DFBPPR3574 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative protein phosphatase 2C 76 Source.54: DFBPPR3739 ---- Plant proteins ---- Kinesin-like protein KIN-14B Source.55: DFBPPR3780 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 52C Source.56: DFBPPR3892 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 26 Source.57: DFBPPR3982 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 25 Source.58: DFBPPR3985 ---- Plant proteins ---- 4-coumarate--CoA ligase-like 2 Source.59: DFBPPR4007 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc-finger homeodomain protein 7 Source.60: DFBPPR4028 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 31 Source.61: DFBPPR4076 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 48 Source.62: DFBPPR4106 ---- Plant proteins ---- Homeobox protein knotted-1-like 4 Source.63: DFBPPR4232 ---- Plant proteins ---- Formin-like protein 14 Source.64: DFBPPR4234 ---- Plant proteins ---- 4-coumarate--CoA ligase-like 3 Source.65: DFBPPR4240 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein DWARF 53-LIKE Source.66: DFBPPR4338 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine proteinase inhibitor 5 Source.67: DFBPPR4425 ---- Plant proteins ---- Formin-like protein 2 Source.68: DFBPPR4515 ---- Plant proteins ---- 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase-like 6 Source.69: DFBPPR4678 ---- Plant proteins ---- Solute carrier family 40 member 1 Source.70: DFBPPR4772 ---- Plant proteins ---- SEC1 family transport protein SLY1 Source.71: DFBPPR4899 ---- Plant proteins ---- Casein kinase 1 Source.72: DFBPPR4969 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sulfite reductase [ferredoxin], chloroplastic Source.73: DFBPPR5124 ---- Plant proteins ---- Nodulin-26 Source.74: DFBPPR5190 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.75: DFBPPR5220 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable phytol kinase 3, chloroplastic Source.76: DFBPPR5279 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 71D8 Source.77: DFBPPR5447 ---- Plant proteins ---- Bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine dehydrogenase 1, chloroplastic Source.78: DFBPPR5570 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.79: DFBPPR5786 ---- Plant proteins ---- NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase subunit 3, chloroplastic Source.80: DFBPPR5873 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.81: DFBPPR5952 ---- Plant proteins ---- WUSCHEL-related homeobox 3B Source.82: DFBPPR5992 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aquaporin NIP3-1 Source.83: DFBPPR6371 ---- Plant proteins ---- Seed linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase-2 Source.84: DFBPPR6423 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.85: DFBPPR6557 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein phosphatase PP2A regulatory subunit A Source.86: DFBPPR6650 ---- Plant proteins ---- Oxalate oxidase GF-2.8 Source.87: DFBPPR6749 ---- Plant proteins ---- Peroxiredoxin Q, chloroplastic Source.88: DFBPPR6796 ---- Plant proteins ---- NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase subunit 3, chloroplastic Source.89: DFBPPR6844 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.90: DFBPPR6888 ---- Plant proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 Source.91: DFBPPR7027 ---- Plant proteins ---- Chlorophyll a-b binding protein 1B-21, chloroplastic Source.92: DFBPPR7035 ---- Plant proteins ---- Oxalate oxidase 2 Source.93: DFBPPR7171 ---- Plant proteins ---- NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase subunit 3, chloroplastic Source.94: DFBPPR7185 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.95: DFBPPR7430 ---- Plant proteins ---- Nitrate reductase [NADH], clone PBNBR1412 Source.96: DFBPPR7432 ---- Plant proteins ---- Nitrate reductase [NADH], clone PBNBR1405 Source.97: DFBPPR7475 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.98: DFBPPR7606 ---- Milk proteins ---- Osteopontin Source.99: DFBPPR7614 ---- Milk proteins ---- Tenascin Source.100: DFBPPR8392 ---- Plant proteins ---- 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase B Source.101: DFBPPR8510 ---- Milk proteins ---- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha Source.102: DFBPPR15947 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-2 adrenergic receptor Source.103: DFBPPR15987 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein Source.104: DFBPPR16001 ---- Animal proteins ---- Battenin Source.105: DFBPPR16231 ---- Animal proteins ---- Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 homolog Source.106: DFBPPR16382 ---- Animal proteins ---- Platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain Source.107: DFBPPR16488 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coagulation factor VIII Source.108: DFBPPR16540 ---- Animal proteins ---- Desmoglein-3 Source.109: DFBPPR16557 ---- Animal proteins ---- Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-1 Source.110: DFBPPR16798 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.111: DFBPPR16867 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein Source.112: DFBPPR16904 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hormone-sensitive lipase Source.113: DFBPPR16950 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein Source.114: DFBPPR17127 ---- Animal proteins ---- Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 Source.115: DFBPPR17164 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-2 adrenergic receptor Source.116: DFBPPR17312 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 Source.117: DFBPPR17330 ---- Animal proteins ---- Unconventional myosin-X Source.118: DFBPPR17354 ---- Animal proteins ---- Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Source.119: DFBPPR17450 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L3 Source.120: DFBPPR17634 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha Source.121: DFBPPR17891 ---- Animal proteins ---- Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase Source.122: DFBPPR17908 ---- Animal proteins ---- Membrane cofactor protein Source.123: DFBPPR17939 ---- Animal proteins ---- Delta(14)-sterol reductase TM7SF2 Source.124: DFBPPR18007 ---- Animal proteins ---- Complement C4 Source.125: DFBPPR18116 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 4 Source.126: DFBPPR18142 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein CASC3 Source.127: DFBPPR18189 ---- Animal proteins ---- Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC6 Source.128: DFBPPR18223 ---- Animal proteins ---- Exosome complex component RRP40 Source.129: DFBPPR18272 ---- Animal proteins ---- Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial Source.130: DFBPPR18412 ---- Animal proteins ---- Three-prime repair exonuclease 1 Source.131: DFBPPR18445 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein kinase PRP4 homolog Source.132: DFBPPR18467 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial Source.133: DFBPPR18523 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B Source.134: DFBPPR18631 ---- Animal proteins ---- Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-1 Source.135: DFBPPR18751 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 Source.136: DFBPPR18793 ---- Animal proteins ---- BPI fold-containing family A member 1 Source.137: DFBPPR18877 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 Source.138: DFBPPR18886 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-2 Source.139: DFBPPR18889 ---- Animal proteins ---- Achaete-scute homolog 2 Source.140: DFBPPR18999 ---- Animal proteins ---- Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 74 Source.141: DFBPPR19072 ---- Animal proteins ---- Growth/differentiation factor 9 Source.142: DFBPPR19239 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 42 Source.143: DFBPPR19412 ---- Animal proteins ---- N-terminal kinase-like protein Source.144: DFBPPR19441 ---- Animal proteins ---- Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 71 Source.145: DFBPPR19449 ---- Animal proteins ---- SCO-spondin Source.146: DFBPPR19474 ---- Animal proteins ---- Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1 Source.147: DFBPPR19498 ---- Animal proteins ---- Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 73 Source.148: DFBPPR19515 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein strawberry notch homolog 2 Source.149: DFBPPR19537 ---- Animal proteins ---- CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase, mitochondrial Source.150: DFBPPR19571 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tonsoku-like protein Source.151: DFBPPR19605 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein Source.152: DFBPPR19740 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sin3 histone deacetylase corepressor complex component SDS3 Source.153: DFBPPR19758 ---- Animal proteins ---- MICOS complex subunit MIC25 Source.154: DFBPPR20004 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein associated with UVRAG as autophagy enhancer Source.155: DFBPPR20034 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial Source.156: DFBPPR20202 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 9, mitochondrial Source.157: DFBPPR20261 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein SCO1 homolog, mitochondrial Source.158: DFBPPR20265 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH1 Source.159: DFBPPR20347 ---- Animal proteins ---- Deoxyribonuclease-1-like 1 Source.160: DFBPPR20354 ---- Animal proteins ---- Single-strand selective monofunctional uracil DNA glycosylase Source.161: DFBPPR20477 ---- Animal proteins ---- PAX-interacting protein 1 Source.162: DFBPPR20637 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial mRNA pseudouridine synthase RPUSD3 Source.163: DFBPPR20669 ---- Animal proteins ---- D site-binding protein Source.164: DFBPPR20697 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc transporter ZIP11 Source.165: DFBPPR20847 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein SHQ1 homolog Source.166: DFBPPR21030 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit C Source.167: DFBPPR21139 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transcription elongation factor A protein 3 Source.168: DFBPPR21151 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein 350 Source.169: DFBPPR21339 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein 692 Source.170: DFBPPR21477 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 35 Source.171: DFBPPR21492 ---- Animal proteins ---- Homeobox protein DBX1 Source.172: DFBPPR21569 ---- Animal proteins ---- Engulfment and cell motility protein 3 Source.173: DFBPPR21624 ---- Animal proteins ---- Docking protein 1 Source.174: DFBPPR21686 ---- Animal proteins ---- FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 6 Source.175: DFBPPR21699 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 208 Source.176: DFBPPR21772 ---- Animal proteins ---- RNA polymerase II-associated protein 1 Source.177: DFBPPR21955 ---- Animal proteins ---- Calcium-responsive transcription factor Source.178: DFBPPR22343 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein RRNAD1 Source.179: DFBPPR22396 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin-related protein 10 Source.180: DFBPPR22434 ---- Animal proteins ---- UPF0692 protein C19orf54 homolog Source.181: DFBPPR22472 ---- Animal proteins ---- Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 16 member A1 Source.182: DFBPPR22538 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 53 Source.183: DFBPPR22594 ---- Animal proteins ---- BTB/POZ domain-containing protein 19 Source.184: DFBPPR8531 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein Source.185: DFBPPR8569 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ryanodine receptor 1 Source.186: DFBPPR8576 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hormone-sensitive lipase Source.187: DFBPPR8601 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 Source.188: DFBPPR8636 ---- Animal proteins ---- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha Source.189: DFBPPR8637 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 Source.190: DFBPPR8650 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-2 adrenergic receptor Source.191: DFBPPR8821 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-3 adrenergic receptor Source.192: DFBPPR8887 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 Source.193: DFBPPR9007 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inhibin alpha chain Source.194: DFBPPR9023 ---- Animal proteins ---- Forkhead box protein L2 Source.195: DFBPPR9217 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coagulation factor VIII Source.196: DFBPPR9303 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 52, riboflavin transporter, member 2 Source.197: DFBPPR9361 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein Source.198: DFBPPR9746 ---- Animal proteins ---- Valine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial Source.199: DFBPPR9765 ---- Animal proteins ---- Promotilin Source.200: DFBPPR9776 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein PLAGL1 Source.201: DFBPPR10180 ---- Animal proteins ---- Teneurin-2 Source.202: DFBPPR10252 ---- Animal proteins ---- Indian hedgehog protein Source.203: DFBPPR10301 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transcription factor SOX-2 Source.204: DFBPPR10603 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-3(VI) chain Source.205: DFBPPR10679 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.206: DFBPPR10846 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gap junction alpha-3 protein Source.207: DFBPPR10990 ---- Animal proteins ---- Period circadian protein homolog 2 Source.208: DFBPPR11178 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gallinacin-3 Source.209: DFBPPR11341 ---- Animal proteins ---- CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase, mitochondrial Source.210: DFBPPR11696 ---- Animal proteins ---- Brain-specific homeobox protein homolog Source.211: DFBPPR11790 ---- Animal proteins ---- PDZ domain-containing protein 11 Source.212: DFBPPR11918 ---- Animal proteins ---- Nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 19 Source.213: DFBPPR12030 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 208 Source.214: DFBPPR12162 ---- Animal proteins ---- Metallo-beta-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 Source.215: DFBPPR12174 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein CNPPD1 Source.216: DFBPPR12281 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ryanodine receptor 1 Source.217: DFBPPR12347 ---- Animal proteins ---- Progesterone receptor Source.218: DFBPPR12352 ---- Animal proteins ---- Podocalyxin Source.219: DFBPPR12379 ---- Animal proteins ---- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 Source.220: DFBPPR12428 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha Source.221: DFBPPR12447 ---- Animal proteins ---- Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 Source.222: DFBPPR12660 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 9 Source.223: DFBPPR12786 ---- Animal proteins ---- Intercellular adhesion molecule 5 Source.224: DFBPPR12816 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 Source.225: DFBPPR12841 ---- Animal proteins ---- Forkhead box protein L2 Source.226: DFBPPR12870 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein transport protein Sec16B Source.227: DFBPPR13431 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-mannosidase Source.228: DFBPPR13435 ---- Animal proteins ---- Forkhead box protein L2 Source.229: DFBPPR13541 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein Source.230: DFBPPR13643 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transcription factor SOX-2 Source.231: DFBPPR13766 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein Source.232: DFBPPR14000 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.233: DFBPPR14300 ---- Marine protein ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.234: DFBPPR14372 ---- Marine protein ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.235: DFBPPR14396 ---- Marine protein ---- Tryptophan synthase alpha chain Source.236: DFBPPR14652 ---- Marine protein ---- Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha Source.237: DFBPPR14934 ---- Microorganism protein ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.238: DFBPPR15017 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Serine/threonine-protein kinase TEL1 Source.239: DFBPPR15168 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Chromatin modification-related protein YNG2 Source.240: DFBPPR15242 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Golgi to ER traffic protein 2 Source.241: DFBPPR15368 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Clustered mitochondria protein homolog Source.242: DFBPPR15400 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Sorting nexin-41 Source.243: DFBPPR15473 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Rhomboid protein 2 Source.244: DFBPPR15545 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Ubiquinone biosynthesis protein COQ4, mitochondrial Source.245: DFBPPR15665 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Ribosome biogenesis protein ALB1 Source.246: DFBPPR15872 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Glutamine synthetase Source.247: DFBPPR7756 ---- Plant protein ---- P-(S)-hydroxymandelonitrile lyase Source.248: DFBPPR7768 ---- Plant protein ---- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 1 Source.249: DFBPPR7801 ---- Plant protein ---- NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase subunit 3, chloroplastic Source.250: DFBPPR7808 ---- Plant protein ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.251: DFBPPR8100 ---- Plant protein ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.252: DFBPPR8213 ---- Plant protein ---- Alpha-copaene synthase Source.253: DFBPPR8222 ---- Plant protein ---- Germacrene A synthase 1 Source.254: DFBPPR8223 ---- Plant protein ---- Germacrene A synthase 2 Source.255: DFBPPR8268 ---- Plant protein ---- ATP synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

DPP IV-inhibitory activity

The peptide LLAP showed potent Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) inhibitory activity with the IC₅₀ values of 53.67 ± 0.82 μM when assessed at 1.5 mM and the peptide exhibited 92.40 ± 2.62% inhibitory activity.

Table 1 Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV inhibitory activity of synthetic peptides
Peptides	% inhibition	IC₅₀ (μg/ml)	IC₅₀ (μM)
ALAV	29.44 ± 2.92^d	n.d.	n.d.
AIAV	9.28 ± 0.53^e	n.d.	n.d.
LIAP	10.52 ± 2.67 ^e	n.d.	n.d.
IIAP	n.a.	n.d.	n.d.
ILAP	93.81 ± 1.62 ^a	17.90 ± 0.58 ^b	43.40 ± 1.40 ^b
LLAP	92.40 ± 2.62 ^a	22.14 ± 0.34 ^b	53.67 ± 0.82 ^b
VGGSDLQALK	37.05 ± 1.16 ^c	n.d.	n.d.
MAGVDHI	89.81 ± 0.23 ^a	118.23 ± 10.14 ^c	159.37 ± 13.67 ^c
GLVGPDAGKEMG	43.85 ± 1.21 ^b	n.d.	n.d.
Diprotin A (IPI)	-	1.24 ± 0.01 ^a	3.62 ± 0.02 ^a

Mean ± SD (n = 3). % inhibition studies were performed at 1.5 mM. IC₅₀: inhibitory concentration that inhibits enzyme activity by 50%. n.d. not determined. n.a. no activity detected. Values with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Specific target protein(s)

Specific Target Protein(s):
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	A 2% (w/v) aqueous protein solution was preheated to 50 °C and adjusted to pH 7.0 and hydrolysed with Corolase PP at an enzyme:substrate (E:S) ratio of 1% (w/w) for 240 min at 50 °C. The hydrolysis reaction was maintained at pH 7.0 using a pH-stat.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	No significant difference in DPP-IV inhibitory activity was recorded for the peptide LLAP studied following simulated gastric and intestinal digestion. This would suggest that the peptide may survive gastrointestinal transit.
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

N.D

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Harnedy PA, O'Keeffe MB, FitzGerald RJ. Purification and identification of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV inhibitory peptides from the macroalga Palmaria palmata. Food Chem. 2015 Apr 1;172:400-6. PMID: 25442570 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.083
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2015