Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPINPE0014(Other bio-peptides)

DFBP ID	DFBPINPE0014
Peptide sequence	VGVL
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	Inhibitor activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Val-Gly-Val-Leu

Single-letter amino acid

VGVL

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
387 Da	386.49 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

N.D

pIC₅₀

N.D

GRAVY

2.9500^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Plant
Organism/Source	Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)
Precursor protein	Amaranth protein
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0856 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gibberellin 20 oxidase 2 Source.2: DFBPPR0924 ---- Plant proteins ---- Two pore potassium channel a Source.3: DFBPPR1105 ---- Plant proteins ---- Solanesyl-diphosphate synthase 1, mitochondrial Source.4: DFBPPR1278 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ureidoglycolate hydrolase Source.5: DFBPPR1458 ---- Plant proteins ---- Endoglucanase 9 Source.6: DFBPPR1460 ---- Plant proteins ---- Xylanase inhibitor protein 2 Source.7: DFBPPR1541 ---- Plant proteins ---- FT-interacting protein 1 Source.8: DFBPPR1546 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 1 Source.9: DFBPPR1783 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, cytosolic A Source.10: DFBPPR1788 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-galactosidase 6 Source.11: DFBPPR1792 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 20 Source.12: DFBPPR1997 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, cytosolic B Source.13: DFBPPR2066 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pantothenate kinase 2 Source.14: DFBPPR2074 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 7 Source.15: DFBPPR2194 ---- Plant proteins ---- U-box domain-containing protein 4 Source.16: DFBPPR2237 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable glutathione S-transferase GSTU1 Source.17: DFBPPR2420 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable transcription factor GLK1 Source.18: DFBPPR2535 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable glucuronosyltransferase Os04g0650300 Source.19: DFBPPR2598 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 5 Source.20: DFBPPR2777 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 3 Source.21: DFBPPR2788 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit b, chloroplastic Source.22: DFBPPR2801 ---- Plant proteins ---- DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 21 Source.23: DFBPPR2813 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ferrochelatase-1, chloroplastic Source.24: DFBPPR2817 ---- Plant proteins ---- Early nodulin-like protein 1 Source.25: DFBPPR3026 ---- Plant proteins ---- Polyprenol reductase 1 Source.26: DFBPPR3062 ---- Plant proteins ---- Polyprenol reductase 2 Source.27: DFBPPR3121 ---- Plant proteins ---- Endoglucanase 23 Source.28: DFBPPR3140 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 51 Source.29: DFBPPR3161 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aquaporin PIP2-4 Source.30: DFBPPR3165 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aquaporin PIP2-5 Source.31: DFBPPR3228 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable aquaporin PIP2-1 Source.32: DFBPPR3273 ---- Plant proteins ---- Dephospho-CoA kinase Source.33: DFBPPR3519 ---- Plant proteins ---- Growth-regulating factor 6 Source.34: DFBPPR3533 ---- Plant proteins ---- Peroxisomal membrane protein 11-4 Source.35: DFBPPR3568 ---- Plant proteins ---- Bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET16 Source.36: DFBPPR3582 ---- Plant proteins ---- Bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET7c Source.37: DFBPPR3727 ---- Plant proteins ---- Serine decarboxylase 1 Source.38: DFBPPR3817 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-galactosidase 4 Source.39: DFBPPR3864 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable sodium/metabolite cotransporter BASS2, chloroplastic Source.40: DFBPPR3911 ---- Plant proteins ---- UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate--2,6-diaminopimelate ligase MurE homolog, chloroplastic Source.41: DFBPPR3963 ---- Plant proteins ---- Squamosa promoter-binding-like protein 9 Source.42: DFBPPR4026 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 19 Source.43: DFBPPR4027 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 20 Source.44: DFBPPR4068 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mitochondrial outer membrane protein porin 6 Source.45: DFBPPR4150 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable potassium transporter 16 Source.46: DFBPPR4155 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative cyclin-F2-1 Source.47: DFBPPR4194 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 22 Source.48: DFBPPR4257 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable metal-nicotianamine transporter YSL4 Source.49: DFBPPR4268 ---- Plant proteins ---- Copper transporter 6 Source.50: DFBPPR4280 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 21 Source.51: DFBPPR4283 ---- Plant proteins ---- SCAR-like protein 1 Source.52: DFBPPR4357 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cyclin-F2-2 Source.53: DFBPPR4448 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable sodium/metabolite cotransporter BASS4, chloroplastic Source.54: DFBPPR4450 ---- Plant proteins ---- Copper transporter 3 Source.55: DFBPPR4519 ---- Plant proteins ---- Metal transporter Nramp5 Source.56: DFBPPR4877 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative B3 domain-containing protein Os08g0333500 Source.57: DFBPPR4931 ---- Plant proteins ---- Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase 2 Source.58: DFBPPR4987 ---- Plant proteins ---- Hydroxyisourate hydrolase Source.59: DFBPPR5201 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable phytol kinase 1, chloroplastic Source.60: DFBPPR5284 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 1E2 Source.61: DFBPPR5468 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aquaporin PIP2-5 Source.62: DFBPPR5511 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aquaporin PIP2-1 Source.63: DFBPPR5566 ---- Plant proteins ---- UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate--2,6-diaminopimelate ligase MurE homolog, chloroplastic Source.64: DFBPPR5622 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tryptophan synthase beta chain 2, chloroplastic Source.65: DFBPPR5672 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tryptophan synthase beta chain 1 Source.66: DFBPPR5821 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, cytosolic Source.67: DFBPPR5887 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit b, chloroplastic Source.68: DFBPPR5969 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aquaporin PIP2-2 Source.69: DFBPPR6170 ---- Plant proteins ---- Uncharacterized 29 kDa protein in mitochondrial S-1 DNA Source.70: DFBPPR6775 ---- Plant proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 Source.71: DFBPPR6846 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit b, chloroplastic Source.72: DFBPPR7145 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ferrochelatase-2, chloroplastic Source.73: DFBPPR7213 ---- Plant proteins ---- Anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase Source.74: DFBPPR7214 ---- Plant proteins ---- Alpha-glucosidase Source.75: DFBPPR7231 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit b, chloroplastic Source.76: DFBPPR7459 ---- Plant proteins ---- RuBisCO large subunit-binding protein subunit beta, chloroplastic Source.77: DFBPPR7489 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glycerophosphocholine acyltransferase 1 Source.78: DFBPPR7503 ---- Plant proteins ---- Omega-6 fatty acid desaturase, chloroplastic Source.79: DFBPPR7652 ---- Milk proteins ---- Zinc transporter 4 Source.80: DFBPPR15950 ---- Animal proteins ---- Unconventional myosin-Id Source.81: DFBPPR16002 ---- Animal proteins ---- Podoplanin Source.82: DFBPPR16003 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/calcium exchanger 1 Source.83: DFBPPR16104 ---- Animal proteins ---- Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 Source.84: DFBPPR16184 ---- Animal proteins ---- C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 Source.85: DFBPPR16249 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-L-iduronidase Source.86: DFBPPR16251 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A2a Source.87: DFBPPR16533 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A3 Source.88: DFBPPR16688 ---- Animal proteins ---- Olfactory receptor-like protein OLF4 Source.89: DFBPPR16778 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prolactin receptor Source.90: DFBPPR16880 ---- Animal proteins ---- N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 Source.91: DFBPPR16884 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/calcium exchanger 1 Source.92: DFBPPR17089 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 Source.93: DFBPPR17156 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent RNA helicase A Source.94: DFBPPR17191 ---- Animal proteins ---- Toll-like receptor 4 Source.95: DFBPPR17454 ---- Animal proteins ---- Peripherin-2 Source.96: DFBPPR17496 ---- Animal proteins ---- Unconventional myosin-Id Source.97: DFBPPR17716 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase Source.98: DFBPPR17865 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein phosphatase 1A Source.99: DFBPPR18066 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA nucleotidylexotransferase Source.100: DFBPPR18089 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coatomer subunit delta Source.101: DFBPPR18362 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cyclic nucleotide-gated olfactory channel Source.102: DFBPPR18396 ---- Animal proteins ---- Corticoliberin Source.103: DFBPPR18399 ---- Animal proteins ---- Integrin beta-6 Source.104: DFBPPR18467 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial Source.105: DFBPPR18715 ---- Animal proteins ---- Choline transporter-like protein 4 Source.106: DFBPPR18789 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-3 Source.107: DFBPPR18845 ---- Animal proteins ---- Muellerian-inhibiting factor Source.108: DFBPPR18886 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-2 Source.109: DFBPPR18974 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor Source.110: DFBPPR18978 ---- Animal proteins ---- Membrane-bound transcription factor site-2 protease Source.111: DFBPPR19074 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6 Source.112: DFBPPR19158 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues Source.113: DFBPPR19251 ---- Animal proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 Source.114: DFBPPR19309 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cadherin-related family member 1 Source.115: DFBPPR19507 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutathione synthetase Source.116: DFBPPR19719 ---- Animal proteins ---- Kelch-like protein 3 Source.117: DFBPPR19805 ---- Animal proteins ---- Translation factor GUF1, mitochondrial Source.118: DFBPPR19812 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable inactive serine protease 37 Source.119: DFBPPR20398 ---- Animal proteins ---- Porphobilinogen deaminase Source.120: DFBPPR20755 ---- Animal proteins ---- 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 Source.121: DFBPPR20772 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ragulator complex protein LAMTOR5 Source.122: DFBPPR20818 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein-lysine N-methyltransferase EEF2KMT Source.123: DFBPPR20878 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein SMG9 Source.124: DFBPPR20891 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein lifeguard 1 Source.125: DFBPPR20976 ---- Animal proteins ---- F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1 Source.126: DFBPPR21175 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A3 Source.127: DFBPPR21292 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable inactive serine protease 58 Source.128: DFBPPR21368 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ferric-chelate reductase 1 Source.129: DFBPPR21513 ---- Animal proteins ---- Profilin-3 Source.130: DFBPPR21712 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serpin E3 Source.131: DFBPPR21729 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc transporter 4 Source.132: DFBPPR22072 ---- Animal proteins ---- Brain protein I3 Source.133: DFBPPR22097 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ester hydrolase C11orf54 homolog Source.134: DFBPPR22589 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 171 Source.135: DFBPPR8555 ---- Animal proteins ---- Membrane cofactor protein Source.136: DFBPPR8721 ---- Animal proteins ---- NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha Source.137: DFBPPR8726 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine-protein kinase ATM Source.138: DFBPPR8794 ---- Animal proteins ---- NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 Source.139: DFBPPR8885 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial Source.140: DFBPPR8986 ---- Animal proteins ---- LIM domain and actin-binding protein 1 Source.141: DFBPPR9180 ---- Animal proteins ---- Integrin beta-6 Source.142: DFBPPR9214 ---- Animal proteins ---- Choline transporter-like protein 4 Source.143: DFBPPR9224 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 22 member 6 Source.144: DFBPPR9657 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ragulator complex protein LAMTOR5 Source.145: DFBPPR10003 ---- Animal proteins ---- Progonadoliberin-1 Source.146: DFBPPR10119 ---- Animal proteins ---- Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule homolog Source.147: DFBPPR10135 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf Source.148: DFBPPR10231 ---- Animal proteins ---- Basigin Source.149: DFBPPR10267 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gephyrin Source.150: DFBPPR10282 ---- Animal proteins ---- Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs Source.151: DFBPPR10390 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein sidekick-1 Source.152: DFBPPR10479 ---- Animal proteins ---- Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory cofactor NHE-RF1 Source.153: DFBPPR10605 ---- Animal proteins ---- Elastin Source.154: DFBPPR10664 ---- Animal proteins ---- Unconventional myosin-Ig Source.155: DFBPPR10819 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5 Source.156: DFBPPR10854 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase Source.157: DFBPPR11171 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coatomer subunit delta Source.158: DFBPPR11203 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel rod photoreceptor subunit alpha Source.159: DFBPPR11290 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel cone photoreceptor subunit alpha Source.160: DFBPPR11484 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prolactin Source.161: DFBPPR11631 ---- Animal proteins ---- 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 Source.162: DFBPPR11849 ---- Animal proteins ---- Monocarboxylate transporter 9 Source.163: DFBPPR12069 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane channel-like protein 7 Source.164: DFBPPR12326 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase Source.165: DFBPPR12395 ---- Animal proteins ---- ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 Source.166: DFBPPR12421 ---- Animal proteins ---- Arylacetamide deacetylase Source.167: DFBPPR12478 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein phosphatase 1A Source.168: DFBPPR12527 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase Source.169: DFBPPR12633 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neutral amino acid transporter B(0) Source.170: DFBPPR12654 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial Source.171: DFBPPR13072 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 22 member 7 Source.172: DFBPPR13098 ---- Animal proteins ---- Epithelial membrane protein 1 Source.173: DFBPPR13151 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transferrin receptor protein 1 Source.174: DFBPPR13241 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial Source.175: DFBPPR13246 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase Source.176: DFBPPR13281 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A2a Source.177: DFBPPR13388 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 Source.178: DFBPPR13642 ---- Animal proteins ---- Integrin beta-6 Source.179: DFBPPR13654 ---- Animal proteins ---- Corticoliberin Source.180: DFBPPR13677 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prolactin receptor Source.181: DFBPPR13697 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 1 Source.182: DFBPPR13823 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor Source.183: DFBPPR13830 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenosine receptor A3 Source.184: DFBPPR14217 ---- Marine protein ---- Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8-like protein 2 Source.185: DFBPPR14550 ---- Marine protein ---- Complement C3 Source.186: DFBPPR14753 ---- Marine protein ---- Clotting factor B Source.187: DFBPPR15022 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Pyruvate decarboxylase Source.188: DFBPPR15154 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase Source.189: DFBPPR15293 ---- Microorganism protein ---- GPI ethanolamine phosphate transferase 2 Source.190: DFBPPR15352 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly factor CFD1 Source.191: DFBPPR15381 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Protein ERD1 Source.192: DFBPPR15474 ---- Microorganism protein ---- GPN-loop GTPase 3 Source.193: DFBPPR15497 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Translocation protein SEC62 Source.194: DFBPPR15557 ---- Microorganism protein ---- DNA damage checkpoint protein LCD1 Source.195: DFBPPR15643 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Peroxisome assembly protein 22 Source.196: DFBPPR7850 ---- Plant protein ---- ATP synthase subunit b, chloroplastic
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

Other bioactive activity	The ability to inhibit the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) was determined, and researchers found that the sequences VGVL significantly inhibited this enzyme, suggesting a possible hypocholesterolemic effect.
Specific target protein(s)	N.D

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	Bitter peptide according to the BIOPEP-UWM database of sensory peptides and amino acids (ID 107).
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The amaranth protein isolate was hydrolyzed with a multi-enzyme system consisting of trypsin (5.16 mg), α-chymotrypsin (13.76 mg) and peptidase (1.28 mg).

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) is a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis.

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Soares RA, Mendonça S, de Castro LÍ, Menezes AC, Arêas JA. Major peptides from amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) protein inhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity. Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Feb 16;16(2):4150-60. PMID: 25690031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16024150
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2015