Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPNEUR0068(Neuropeptide peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPNEUR0068
Peptide sequence	LVVYPWT
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	Neuropeptide, Spinorphin 5

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	Neuropeptide activity
Otheir bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity ^[D1], Opioid activity ^[D2], Multifunctional activity ^[D3]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Leu-Val-Val-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Thr

Single-letter amino acid

LVVYPWT

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	877.05 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.92 ^c

IC₅₀

N.D

pIC₅₀

N.D

GRAVY

1.1000^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

71.43%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Bovine
Precursor protein	Spinal cord
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR16819 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta Source.2: DFBPPR18509 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin fetal subunit beta Source.3: DFBPPR8940 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta Source.4: DFBPPR9275 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit epsilon Source.5: DFBPPR9704 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit theta Source.6: DFBPPR12445 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta-1/2 Source.7: DFBPPR12812 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit gamma Source.8: DFBPPR12916 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit epsilon Source.9: DFBPPR13247 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta Source.10: DFBPPR13439 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta-A Source.11: DFBPPR13453 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta-C Source.12: DFBPPR13465 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin fetal subunit beta Source.13: DFBPPR13474 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit epsilon-1 Source.14: DFBPPR13618 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta Source.15: DFBPPR13695 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta-C Source.16: DFBPPR13859 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin fetal subunit beta
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

Neuropeptide activity

Spinorphin, an endogenous antinociceptive peptide (LVVYPWT), showed potent and non-competitive antagonism at the ATP-activated human P2X₃ receptor (IC₅₀ ) 8.3 pM) in a two-electrode voltage clamp assay with recombinant human P2X₃ receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Single alanine substitutions from 1st to 4th amino acids and the cyclic form of LVVYPWT sustained antagonistic properties at the human P2X₃ receptors, whereas the threonine to alanine substitution resulted in an enhancing effect of the agonistic activity.
The inhibitory activity (IC₅₀) of spinorphin toward enkephalin-degrading enzymes, purified from monkey brain, was found to be 3.3 ug/ml against aminopeptidase, 1.4 ug/ml against dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, 2.4 ug/ml against angiotensin-converting enzyme, and 10 ug/ml against enkephalinase ^[1].

Specific target protein(s)

N.D

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(=CN2)C1=C2C=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])([C@]([H])(O)C)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Synthesis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Spinorphin 5 and other peptide derivatives were synthesized using solid-phase peptide synthesis on a Wang resin.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

Spinorphin was also found in bovine hemoglobin β-chain f(31-37) ^[1].

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPACEI1159, DFBPACEI1160
[D2]	DFBPOPIO0138
[D3]	DFBPMUFU0230

[D4]

[D5]

[D6]

[D7]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Jung KY, Moon HD, Lee GE, Lim HH, Park CS, Kim YC. Structure-activity relationship studies of spinorphin as a potent and selective human P2X(3) receptor antagonist. J Med Chem. 2007 Sep 6;50(18):4543-7. PMID: 17676725 DOI: 10.1021/jm070114m
Other literature(s)	[1] Nishimura K ,Hazaro T. Isolation and identification of an endogenous inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzyme from bovine spinal cord. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 194: 713-719. [2] Zhao Q, Piot J M. Investigation of inhibition angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and opioid activity of two hemorphins, LVV-hemorphin-5 and VV-hemorphin-5, isolated from a defined peptic hydrolysate of bovine hemoglobin[J]. Neuropeptides, 1997, 31(2):147-153.
PubDate	2007