Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI0226(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI0226
Peptide sequence	APER
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Ala-Pro-Glu-Arg

Single-letter amino acid

APER

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
471.51 Da	471.50 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

6.95 ^c

IC₅₀

190.88 uM

pIC₅₀

-2.281

GRAVY

-1.9500^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

50%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal, Fish
Organism/Source	Trevally (Pseudocaranx sp.)
Precursor protein	Trevally (Pseudocaranx sp.) protein hydrolysates
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR1050 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 Source.2: DFBPPR1256 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 78A11 Source.3: DFBPPR1319 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calcium-dependent protein kinase 17 Source.4: DFBPPR1374 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ferredoxin--NADP reductase, leaf isozyme 2, chloroplastic Source.5: DFBPPR1398 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase SLC1 Source.6: DFBPPR1439 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 714B1 Source.7: DFBPPR1894 ---- Plant proteins ---- Clathrin heavy chain 1 Source.8: DFBPPR1898 ---- Plant proteins ---- Clathrin heavy chain 2 Source.9: DFBPPR2104 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 3 Source.10: DFBPPR2323 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ent-kaurene oxidase-like 3 Source.11: DFBPPR2769 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sialyltransferase-like protein 3 Source.12: DFBPPR2771 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin response factor 9 Source.13: DFBPPR3083 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin response factor 7 Source.14: DFBPPR3179 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 48 Source.15: DFBPPR3269 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin response factor 13 Source.16: DFBPPR3587 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin transport protein BIG Source.17: DFBPPR4100 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glycosyltransferase family 92 protein Os08g0121900 Source.18: DFBPPR5763 ---- Plant proteins ---- FACT complex subunit SPT16 Source.19: DFBPPR5972 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 78A1 Source.20: DFBPPR6050 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 4U1 Source.21: DFBPPR6224 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ferredoxin--NADP reductase, leaf isozyme, chloroplastic Source.22: DFBPPR6502 ---- Plant proteins ---- Early light-induced protein, chloroplastic Source.23: DFBPPR7215 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aldose reductase Source.24: DFBPPR7234 ---- Plant proteins ---- Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase subunit DAD1 Source.25: DFBPPR7258 ---- Plant proteins ---- Low molecular mass early light-inducible protein HV90, chloroplastic Source.26: DFBPPR7259 ---- Plant proteins ---- High molecular mass early light-inducible protein HV58, chloroplastic Source.27: DFBPPR7260 ---- Plant proteins ---- Low molecular mass early light-inducible protein HV60, chloroplastic Source.28: DFBPPR7614 ---- Milk proteins ---- Tenascin Source.29: DFBPPR7632 ---- Milk proteins ---- Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 Source.30: DFBPPR7652 ---- Milk proteins ---- Zinc transporter 4 Source.31: DFBPPR15940 ---- Animal proteins ---- Thyroid transcription factor 1 Source.32: DFBPPR16023 ---- Animal proteins ---- Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta Source.33: DFBPPR16035 ---- Animal proteins ---- Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor Source.34: DFBPPR16199 ---- Animal proteins ---- Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1 Source.35: DFBPPR16241 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 Source.36: DFBPPR16671 ---- Animal proteins ---- Forkhead box protein I3 Source.37: DFBPPR17064 ---- Animal proteins ---- Unconventional myosin-Ic Source.38: DFBPPR17266 ---- Animal proteins ---- WASH complex subunit 1 Source.39: DFBPPR17295 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 Source.40: DFBPPR17446 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-arrestin-1 Source.41: DFBPPR17486 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta Source.42: DFBPPR17501 ---- Animal proteins ---- C-C chemokine receptor type 5 Source.43: DFBPPR17836 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 Source.44: DFBPPR18051 ---- Animal proteins ---- MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 Source.45: DFBPPR18417 ---- Animal proteins ---- Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor Source.46: DFBPPR18521 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-3 Source.47: DFBPPR18559 ---- Animal proteins ---- Kinesin-like protein KIF22 Source.48: DFBPPR19515 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein strawberry notch homolog 2 Source.49: DFBPPR20074 ---- Animal proteins ---- Target of EGR1 protein 1 Source.50: DFBPPR20077 ---- Animal proteins ---- Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 Source.51: DFBPPR20314 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC3 Source.52: DFBPPR20329 ---- Animal proteins ---- Meiosis regulator and mRNA stability factor 1 Source.53: DFBPPR21189 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dynein assembly factor 1, axonemal Source.54: DFBPPR21360 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 158 Source.55: DFBPPR21400 ---- Animal proteins ---- Replication initiator 1 Source.56: DFBPPR21431 ---- Animal proteins ---- Non-structural maintenance of chromosomes element 4 homolog A Source.57: DFBPPR21478 ---- Animal proteins ---- FTS and Hook-interacting protein Source.58: DFBPPR21483 ---- Animal proteins ---- F-box/LRR-repeat protein 8 Source.59: DFBPPR21716 ---- Animal proteins ---- Asparagine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic Source.60: DFBPPR21857 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 2 Source.61: DFBPPR21885 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 2 Source.62: DFBPPR22277 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin-like protein 7B Source.63: DFBPPR22388 ---- Animal proteins ---- Oxidative stress-responsive serine-rich protein 1 Source.64: DFBPPR22395 ---- Animal proteins ---- UPF0524 protein C3orf70 homolog Source.65: DFBPPR22728 ---- Animal proteins ---- UPF0598 protein C8orf82 homolog Source.66: DFBPPR8532 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 Source.67: DFBPPR8783 ---- Animal proteins ---- Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 1 Source.68: DFBPPR8992 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hyaluronidase-3 Source.69: DFBPPR9115 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 Source.70: DFBPPR9400 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype Source.71: DFBPPR9419 ---- Animal proteins ---- Deoxyribonuclease-2-alpha Source.72: DFBPPR10047 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ovocleidin-116 Source.73: DFBPPR10411 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit Source.74: DFBPPR10516 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adseverin Source.75: DFBPPR10522 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 Source.76: DFBPPR10566 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 Source.77: DFBPPR10573 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal-glial cell adhesion molecule Source.78: DFBPPR10681 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1 Source.79: DFBPPR10747 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cathepsin B Source.80: DFBPPR10767 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 Source.81: DFBPPR11096 ---- Animal proteins ---- WASH complex subunit 1 Source.82: DFBPPR11119 ---- Animal proteins ---- Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5 Source.83: DFBPPR11569 ---- Animal proteins ---- Homeobox protein Hox-D8 Source.84: DFBPPR11755 ---- Animal proteins ---- Single-stranded DNA-binding protein 3 Source.85: DFBPPR11965 ---- Animal proteins ---- tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL2 Source.86: DFBPPR12090 ---- Animal proteins ---- DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 16 Source.87: DFBPPR12380 ---- Animal proteins ---- N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase Source.88: DFBPPR12456 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 Source.89: DFBPPR12485 ---- Animal proteins ---- Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 2 Source.90: DFBPPR12500 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cystathionine beta-synthase Source.91: DFBPPR12744 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-arrestin-1 Source.92: DFBPPR13145 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 Source.93: DFBPPR13535 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 Source.94: DFBPPR14107 ---- Marine protein ---- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase rnf146 Source.95: DFBPPR14859 ---- Marine protein ---- Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 Source.96: DFBPPR15129 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Protein transport protein SEC61 subunit alpha Source.97: DFBPPR15330 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Probable endonuclease LCL3 Source.98: DFBPPR15426 ---- Microorganism protein ---- tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase non-catalytic subunit TRM82 Source.99: DFBPPR15641 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Ribosomal lysine N-methyltransferase 5 Source.100: DFBPPR7938 ---- Plant protein ---- Ferredoxin--NADP reductase, chloroplastic
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 190.88 uM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Non-bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(C)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Hydrolysis with bromelain.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	Stability against gastrointestinal enzymes (pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin). The IC₅₀ values of purified active peptide, however, remained constant after incubation with pepsin and then with the mixture of trypsin and chymotrypsin when compared with the initial IC₅₀ values indicating their stability against gastrointestinal enzymes.
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

The active peptide could survive in the gut and could be absorbed into the blood circulation and may be able to display antihypertensive property.

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Salampessy, J., Reddy, N., Kailasapathy, K., Phillips, M. Functional and potential therapeutic ACE-inhibitory peptides derived from bromelain hydrolysis of trevally proteins. Journal of Functional Foods. 2015, 14, 716-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.037
Other literature(s)	[1] Nakamura Y, Yamamoto N, Sakai K, et al. Purification and Characterization of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors from Sour Milk[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1995, 78(4):777-783.
PubDate	2015