Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI0243(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI0243
Peptide sequence	PAFG
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Pro-Ala-Phe-Gly

Single-letter amino acid

PAFG

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
390 Da	390.43 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

35.9 uM (or 0.014 mg/ml)

pIC₅₀

-1.555

GRAVY

0.6500^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Algae (Marine algae)
Organism/Source	Enteromorpha clathrata protein
Precursor protein	Enteromorpha clathrata protein hydrolysates
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0869 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sucrose transport protein SUT1 Source.2: DFBPPR1000 ---- Plant proteins ---- Flowering time control protein FCA Source.3: DFBPPR1078 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sucrose transport protein SUT5 Source.4: DFBPPR1477 ---- Plant proteins ---- MADS-box transcription factor 16 Source.5: DFBPPR1659 ---- Plant proteins ---- 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, chloroplastic Source.6: DFBPPR1709 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-fructofuranosidase, insoluble isoenzyme 1 Source.7: DFBPPR2387 ---- Plant proteins ---- Chitinase 8 Source.8: DFBPPR2506 ---- Plant proteins ---- CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase 1, chloroplastic Source.9: DFBPPR2551 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pyruvate decarboxylase 2 Source.10: DFBPPR2558 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pyruvate decarboxylase 1 Source.11: DFBPPR2564 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pyruvate decarboxylase 3 Source.12: DFBPPR2794 ---- Plant proteins ---- FACT complex subunit SPT16 Source.13: DFBPPR3389 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-galactosidase 7 Source.14: DFBPPR3497 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium channel KAT4 Source.15: DFBPPR3784 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium channel KAT6 Source.16: DFBPPR4066 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pescadillo homolog Source.17: DFBPPR4080 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha-3, chloroplastic Source.18: DFBPPR4915 ---- Plant proteins ---- Chitinase 2 Source.19: DFBPPR5230 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit a, chloroplastic Source.20: DFBPPR5733 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pyruvate decarboxylase 1 Source.21: DFBPPR5763 ---- Plant proteins ---- FACT complex subunit SPT16 Source.22: DFBPPR6075 ---- Plant proteins ---- MFS18 protein Source.23: DFBPPR6409 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pyruvate decarboxylase 2 Source.24: DFBPPR7603 ---- Milk proteins ---- Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase Source.25: DFBPPR8498 ---- Milk proteins ---- Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase Source.26: DFBPPR17091 ---- Animal proteins ---- Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor Source.27: DFBPPR17385 ---- Animal proteins ---- Complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein, mitochondrial Source.28: DFBPPR17575 ---- Animal proteins ---- A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 Source.29: DFBPPR17801 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2 Source.30: DFBPPR17951 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phospholipase DDHD1 Source.31: DFBPPR18328 ---- Animal proteins ---- Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase Source.32: DFBPPR18773 ---- Animal proteins ---- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM9 Source.33: DFBPPR19153 ---- Animal proteins ---- Copine-6 Source.34: DFBPPR19305 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-crystallin B3 Source.35: DFBPPR19312 ---- Animal proteins ---- Copine-1 Source.36: DFBPPR20275 ---- Animal proteins ---- Malonate--CoA ligase ACSF3, mitochondrial Source.37: DFBPPR20411 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 106A Source.38: DFBPPR21443 ---- Animal proteins ---- CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 8 Source.39: DFBPPR21522 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent RNA helicase DQX1 Source.40: DFBPPR21948 ---- Animal proteins ---- Selenoprotein F Source.41: DFBPPR22120 ---- Animal proteins ---- Outer dense fiber protein 4 Source.42: DFBPPR22481 ---- Animal proteins ---- Uncharacterized protein FAM241A Source.43: DFBPPR22631 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein FAM131B Source.44: DFBPPR22714 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein FAM71E1 Source.45: DFBPPR8794 ---- Animal proteins ---- NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 Source.46: DFBPPR8908 ---- Animal proteins ---- Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor Source.47: DFBPPR10125 ---- Animal proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein FLRT3 Source.48: DFBPPR10232 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 Source.49: DFBPPR10310 ---- Animal proteins ---- Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase Source.50: DFBPPR10330 ---- Animal proteins ---- Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase eta Source.51: DFBPPR10493 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 Source.52: DFBPPR10671 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 65 Source.53: DFBPPR10749 ---- Animal proteins ---- DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 6 Source.54: DFBPPR10847 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein patched homolog 1 Source.55: DFBPPR11705 ---- Animal proteins ---- SCO-spondin Source.56: DFBPPR12074 ---- Animal proteins ---- Paired box protein Pax-9 Source.57: DFBPPR12076 ---- Animal proteins ---- RRP12-like protein Source.58: DFBPPR12303 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histidine-rich glycoprotein Source.59: DFBPPR12842 ---- Animal proteins ---- Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2 Source.60: DFBPPR14353 ---- Marine protein ---- Cytochrome c6 Source.61: DFBPPR14735 ---- Marine protein ---- Salmocidin-1 Source.62: DFBPPR15235 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Pre-mRNA-processing ATP-dependent RNA helicase PRP5 Source.63: DFBPPR15615 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Probable transporter MCH1 Source.64: DFBPPR15732 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Meiotic sister-chromatid recombination protein 6, mitochondrial Source.65: DFBPPR15836 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Ubiquinol oxidase subunit 1 Source.66: DFBPPR8116 ---- Plant protein ---- ATP synthase subunit a, chloroplastic
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited potent Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 35.9 uM (or 0.014 mg/ml), and its ACE inhibitory pattern was shown by Lineweaver–Burk plots to be a non-competitive inhibition pattern.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)NCC(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Enteromorpha clathrata protein was hydrolyzed with Alcalase.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:

Stability study revealed that the purified peptide showed resistance against gastrointestinal proteases (The ACE-inhibitory activities of the two purified peptide samples were respectively digested by pepsin and digested by pepsin followed by trypsin were 85.37% ± 2.15% and 84.63% ± 2.03%, respectively, and that of the control was 84.8% ± 1.83%. Thus, no significant ACE-inhibitory activity change).

EHP-Tool:

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

The peptide PAFG is a beneficial ingredient of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals against hypertension and related diseases.

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Pan S, Wang S, Jing L, Yao D. Purification and characterisation of a novel angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptide derived from the enzymatic hydrolysate of Enteromorpha clathrata protein. Food Chem. 2016 Nov 15;211:423-30. PMID: 27283651 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.087
Other literature(s)	[1] Gao D D, Cao Y S, Mai X. Modified spectrophotometric method for assay of angiotensin Ⅰ-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of food-derived peptides[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 2011, 37(2):219-223.
PubDate	2016