Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI0254(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI0254
Peptide sequence	PLAP
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Pro-Leu-Ala-Pro

Single-letter amino acid

PLAP

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
396.24 Da	396.47 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

76.50 uM

pIC₅₀

-1.884

GRAVY

0.6000^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Dry-cured ham
Precursor protein	Dry-cured ham extracts
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0968 ---- Plant proteins ---- Polyamine oxidase 3 Source.2: DFBPPR0979 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calcium and calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase Source.3: DFBPPR1003 ---- Plant proteins ---- Soluble starch synthase 1, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.4: DFBPPR1072 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytokinin dehydrogenase 2 Source.5: DFBPPR1170 ---- Plant proteins ---- Shikimate kinase 2, chloroplastic Source.6: DFBPPR1219 ---- Plant proteins ---- Guanylate kinase 2, chloroplastic/mitochondrial Source.7: DFBPPR1228 ---- Plant proteins ---- Isoamylase 2, chloroplastic Source.8: DFBPPR1265 ---- Plant proteins ---- Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase B1, chloroplastic Source.9: DFBPPR1325 ---- Plant proteins ---- FT-interacting protein 7 Source.10: DFBPPR1377 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calcium-dependent protein kinase 6 Source.11: DFBPPR1541 ---- Plant proteins ---- FT-interacting protein 1 Source.12: DFBPPR1578 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cyclin-B2-2 Source.13: DFBPPR1660 ---- Plant proteins ---- Magnesium-chelatase subunit ChlH, chloroplastic Source.14: DFBPPR1675 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein LSD1 Source.15: DFBPPR1690 ---- Plant proteins ---- Transcription factor APG Source.16: DFBPPR1826 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein terminal ear1 homolog Source.17: DFBPPR2057 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 87A3 Source.18: DFBPPR2166 ---- Plant proteins ---- Eukaryotic translation initiation factor isoform 4G-1 Source.19: DFBPPR2645 ---- Plant proteins ---- Homogentisate geranylgeranyltransferase, chloroplastic Source.20: DFBPPR2909 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable isoprenylcysteine alpha-carbonyl methylesterase ICME Source.21: DFBPPR2911 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable V-type proton ATPase subunit d Source.22: DFBPPR3000 ---- Plant proteins ---- Kinesin-like protein KIN-14L Source.23: DFBPPR3131 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ribonuclease III domain-containing protein RNC1, chloroplastic Source.24: DFBPPR3139 ---- Plant proteins ---- Chaperone protein ClpC1, chloroplastic Source.25: DFBPPR3300 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calcineurin B-like protein 9 Source.26: DFBPPR3463 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein THYLAKOID RHODANESE-LIKE, chloroplastic Source.27: DFBPPR3490 ---- Plant proteins ---- WUSCHEL-related homeobox 4 Source.28: DFBPPR3618 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative auxin response factor 20 Source.29: DFBPPR3751 ---- Plant proteins ---- 4-coumarate--CoA ligase-like 9 Source.30: DFBPPR3865 ---- Plant proteins ---- CDK5RAP1-like protein Source.31: DFBPPR3913 ---- Plant proteins ---- Serine decarboxylase 2 Source.32: DFBPPR3937 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc-finger homeodomain protein 10 Source.33: DFBPPR3996 ---- Plant proteins ---- Kinesin-like protein KIN-14J Source.34: DFBPPR4037 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable aquaporin TIP3-1 Source.35: DFBPPR4121 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein argonaute 1C Source.36: DFBPPR4238 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative magnesium transporter MRS2-H Source.37: DFBPPR4276 ---- Plant proteins ---- CRS2-associated factor 2, mitochondrial Source.38: DFBPPR4362 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative cyclin-F1-1 Source.39: DFBPPR4363 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative cyclin-F1-2 Source.40: DFBPPR4395 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative cyclin-F1-4 Source.41: DFBPPR4444 ---- Plant proteins ---- Formin-like protein 6 Source.42: DFBPPR4453 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein EXECUTER 1, chloroplastic Source.43: DFBPPR4681 ---- Plant proteins ---- Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32-related protein 2 Source.44: DFBPPR4707 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 32 Source.45: DFBPPR5026 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, root isoform Source.46: DFBPPR5027 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, nodule isoform Source.47: DFBPPR5049 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inducible nitrate reductase [NADH] 1 Source.48: DFBPPR5228 ---- Plant proteins ---- Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase, chloroplastic Source.49: DFBPPR5423 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ribonuclease III domain-containing protein RNC1, chloroplastic Source.50: DFBPPR5811 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit a Source.51: DFBPPR5948 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aquaporin TIP3-1 Source.52: DFBPPR6002 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aquaporin TIP3-2 Source.53: DFBPPR6789 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit a Source.54: DFBPPR6793 ---- Plant proteins ---- Chymotrypsin inhibitor WCI Source.55: DFBPPR7039 ---- Plant proteins ---- Nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H] Source.56: DFBPPR7421 ---- Plant proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit a Source.57: DFBPPR7605 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.58: DFBPPR8189 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ent-kaur-16-ene synthase, chloroplastic Source.59: DFBPPR8376 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mannitol dehydrogenase Source.60: DFBPPR8420 ---- Plant proteins ---- Peroxygenase Source.61: DFBPPR16063 ---- Animal proteins ---- Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 Source.62: DFBPPR16153 ---- Animal proteins ---- Death domain-associated protein 6 Source.63: DFBPPR16212 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor Source.64: DFBPPR16266 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-1 adrenergic receptor Source.65: DFBPPR16321 ---- Animal proteins ---- Aggrecan core protein Source.66: DFBPPR16339 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dynamin-binding protein Source.67: DFBPPR16461 ---- Animal proteins ---- InaD-like protein Source.68: DFBPPR16519 ---- Animal proteins ---- Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC8 Source.69: DFBPPR16641 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 10 Source.70: DFBPPR16726 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator-like 2 Source.71: DFBPPR16987 ---- Animal proteins ---- Aggrecan core protein Source.72: DFBPPR17049 ---- Animal proteins ---- cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase Source.73: DFBPPR17166 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel beta-1 Source.74: DFBPPR17445 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alcohol dehydrogenase class-3 Source.75: DFBPPR17523 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 Source.76: DFBPPR17745 ---- Animal proteins ---- N-lysine methyltransferase KMT5A Source.77: DFBPPR17788 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma Source.78: DFBPPR17827 ---- Animal proteins ---- Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Source.79: DFBPPR17853 ---- Animal proteins ---- [F-actin]-monooxygenase MICAL3 Source.80: DFBPPR17860 ---- Animal proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type-III domain-containing protein 3 Source.81: DFBPPR17963 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial Source.82: DFBPPR17973 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 Source.83: DFBPPR17999 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase Source.84: DFBPPR18272 ---- Animal proteins ---- Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial Source.85: DFBPPR18467 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial Source.86: DFBPPR18504 ---- Animal proteins ---- Syntaxin-5 Source.87: DFBPPR18506 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase lunatic fringe Source.88: DFBPPR18522 ---- Animal proteins ---- POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 Source.89: DFBPPR18636 ---- Animal proteins ---- AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2 Source.90: DFBPPR18780 ---- Animal proteins ---- Homeobox protein Hox-A3 Source.91: DFBPPR18813 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 3, mitochondrial Source.92: DFBPPR18822 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein Source.93: DFBPPR18924 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial Rho GTPase 2 Source.94: DFBPPR19005 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein 746 Source.95: DFBPPR19104 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 Source.96: DFBPPR19111 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial Rho GTPase 1 Source.97: DFBPPR19577 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 51 homolog Source.98: DFBPPR19608 ---- Animal proteins ---- Anoctamin-4 Source.99: DFBPPR19684 ---- Animal proteins ---- Urotensin-2 receptor Source.100: DFBPPR19723 ---- Animal proteins ---- Spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 3 Source.101: DFBPPR19779 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma Source.102: DFBPPR19827 ---- Animal proteins ---- Visual system homeobox 1 Source.103: DFBPPR19838 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transcription factor GATA-5 Source.104: DFBPPR19917 ---- Animal proteins ---- PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 Source.105: DFBPPR19934 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cyclin-A2 Source.106: DFBPPR20150 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acid sphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase 3a Source.107: DFBPPR20418 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-1B-glycoprotein Source.108: DFBPPR20590 ---- Animal proteins ---- POU domain class 2-associating factor 1 Source.109: DFBPPR20722 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine beta-lactamase-like protein LACTB, mitochondrial Source.110: DFBPPR20732 ---- Animal proteins ---- Immunoglobulin superfamily member 11 Source.111: DFBPPR20753 ---- Animal proteins ---- UV-stimulated scaffold protein A Source.112: DFBPPR20770 ---- Animal proteins ---- Angiomotin-like protein 1 Source.113: DFBPPR20794 ---- Animal proteins ---- Rab-like protein 6 Source.114: DFBPPR20914 ---- Animal proteins ---- AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 5B Source.115: DFBPPR20934 ---- Animal proteins ---- Early growth response protein 4 Source.116: DFBPPR21002 ---- Animal proteins ---- Olfactomedin-like protein 2B Source.117: DFBPPR21071 ---- Animal proteins ---- V-type proton ATPase subunit d 2 Source.118: DFBPPR21151 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein 350 Source.119: DFBPPR21264 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1 Source.120: DFBPPR21403 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein Source.121: DFBPPR21522 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent RNA helicase DQX1 Source.122: DFBPPR21602 ---- Animal proteins ---- Aspartate beta-hydroxylase domain-containing protein 1 Source.123: DFBPPR21712 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serpin E3 Source.124: DFBPPR21820 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 Source.125: DFBPPR21857 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 2 Source.126: DFBPPR21946 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein 414 Source.127: DFBPPR22073 ---- Animal proteins ---- C2 calcium-dependent domain-containing protein 4A Source.128: DFBPPR22333 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin-like protein 7 Source.129: DFBPPR22388 ---- Animal proteins ---- Oxidative stress-responsive serine-rich protein 1 Source.130: DFBPPR22722 ---- Animal proteins ---- Uncharacterized protein C11orf91 homolog Source.131: DFBPPR8569 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ryanodine receptor 1 Source.132: DFBPPR8653 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acrosin-binding protein Source.133: DFBPPR8690 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic [GTP] Source.134: DFBPPR9169 ---- Animal proteins ---- Aggrecan core protein Source.135: DFBPPR9258 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha Source.136: DFBPPR9357 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha Source.137: DFBPPR9370 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial Rho GTPase 2 Source.138: DFBPPR9565 ---- Animal proteins ---- Melanoma-associated antigen D1 Source.139: DFBPPR9580 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 Source.140: DFBPPR10020 ---- Animal proteins ---- PDZ and LIM domain protein 7 Source.141: DFBPPR10057 ---- Animal proteins ---- Stimulator of interferon genes protein Source.142: DFBPPR10133 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gap junction alpha-8 protein Source.143: DFBPPR10205 ---- Animal proteins ---- Noelin Source.144: DFBPPR10308 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 Source.145: DFBPPR10381 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent RNA helicase SUPV3L1, mitochondrial Source.146: DFBPPR10390 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein sidekick-1 Source.147: DFBPPR10603 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-3(VI) chain Source.148: DFBPPR10794 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zyxin Source.149: DFBPPR11018 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transcriptional coactivator YAP1 Source.150: DFBPPR11046 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha Source.151: DFBPPR11061 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cyclin-A2 Source.152: DFBPPR11195 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial Rho GTPase 1 Source.153: DFBPPR11196 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial Rho GTPase 2 Source.154: DFBPPR11251 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transcriptional enhancer factor TEF-5 Source.155: DFBPPR11345 ---- Animal proteins ---- LIM/homeobox protein LMX-1.2 Source.156: DFBPPR11398 ---- Animal proteins ---- Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1 Source.157: DFBPPR11506 ---- Animal proteins ---- Homeobox protein BarH-like 1b Source.158: DFBPPR11515 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein FAM53A Source.159: DFBPPR11810 ---- Animal proteins ---- Homeobox protein BarH-like 1 Source.160: DFBPPR11845 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 17 Source.161: DFBPPR11910 ---- Animal proteins ---- 2-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)histidine synthase subunit 2 Source.162: DFBPPR11917 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein VAC14 homolog Source.163: DFBPPR11987 ---- Animal proteins ---- NEDD4-binding protein 3 homolog Source.164: DFBPPR12056 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein PRRC1 Source.165: DFBPPR12281 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ryanodine receptor 1 Source.166: DFBPPR12297 ---- Animal proteins ---- Retinal dehydrogenase 1 Source.167: DFBPPR12321 ---- Animal proteins ---- Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B Source.168: DFBPPR12432 ---- Animal proteins ---- Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 Source.169: DFBPPR12505 ---- Animal proteins ---- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 Source.170: DFBPPR12526 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 Source.171: DFBPPR12667 ---- Animal proteins ---- Trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase Source.172: DFBPPR12784 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cadherin-16 Source.173: DFBPPR12786 ---- Animal proteins ---- Intercellular adhesion molecule 5 Source.174: DFBPPR13072 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 22 member 7 Source.175: DFBPPR13116 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ig gamma chain C region Source.176: DFBPPR13148 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cellular tumor antigen p53 Source.177: DFBPPR13191 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alcohol dehydrogenase class-3 Source.178: DFBPPR13238 ---- Animal proteins ---- Laminin subunit gamma-2 Source.179: DFBPPR13572 ---- Animal proteins ---- mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36 Source.180: DFBPPR14890 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Killer toxin subunits alpha/beta Source.181: DFBPPR15013 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Inorganic pyrophosphatase Source.182: DFBPPR15069 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Class E vacuolar protein-sorting machinery protein HSE1 Source.183: DFBPPR15181 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Nitrogen permease regulator 3 Source.184: DFBPPR15235 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Pre-mRNA-processing ATP-dependent RNA helicase PRP5 Source.185: DFBPPR15529 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Oleate activated transcription factor 3 Source.186: DFBPPR7750 ---- Plant protein ---- Cationic peroxidase SPC4 Source.187: DFBPPR7943 ---- Plant protein ---- ATP synthase subunit a Source.188: DFBPPR8041 ---- Plant protein ---- Nitrate reductase [NADH] 2
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 76.50 uM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The precursor peptide AAPLAP originating from dry-cured ham was absorpted by Caco-2 cell line, and then generated the ACE inhibitory peptide fragment PLAP.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

This study highlights the potential of intact dry-cured ham peptides as well as their fragments to be absorbed across the intestinal epithelium and reach the blood stream to exert an antihypertensive action.

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Gallego, M., Grootaert, C., Mora, L., Aristoy, M.C., Van Camp, J., Toldrá, F. Transepithelial transport of dry-cured ham peptides with ACE inhibitory activity through a Caco-2 cell monolayer. Journal of Functional Foods. 2016, 21, 388-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.046
Other literature(s)	[1] Gao D D, Cao Y S, Mai X. Modified spectrophotometric method for assay of angiotensin Ⅰ-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of food-derived peptides[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 2011, 37(2):219-223. [2] Escudero E, Mora L, Fraser P D, et al. Purification and Identification of antihypertensive peptides in Spanish dry-cured ham.[J]. Journal of Proteomics, 2013, 78(1):499-507. [3] Escudero E, Aristoy M C, Nishimura H, et al. Antihypertensive effect and antioxidant activity of peptide fractions extracted from Spanish dry-cured ham[J]. Meat Science, 2012, 91(3):306-311. [4] Escudero E, Mora L, Toldrá F. Stability of ACE inhibitory ham peptides against heat treatment and in vitro, digestion[J]. Food Chemistry, 2014, 161(5):305.
PubDate	2016