Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1058(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1058
Peptide sequence	DAGP
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Asp-Ala-Gly-Pro

Single-letter amino acid

DAGP

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
359.1548 Da	358.34 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

3.13 ^c

IC₅₀

162.30 ± 1.36 μM

pIC₅₀

-2.21

GRAVY

-0.9250^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

75%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Porcine skin gelatin
Precursor protein	Porcine collagen
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR1035 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable L-ascorbate peroxidase 8, chloroplastic Source.2: DFBPPR1395 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable L-ascorbate peroxidase 7, chloroplastic Source.3: DFBPPR1643 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase large subunit 3, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.4: DFBPPR1668 ---- Plant proteins ---- Heat stress transcription factor A-2b Source.5: DFBPPR1754 ---- Plant proteins ---- Transcription factor BHLH094 Source.6: DFBPPR1875 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 2 Source.7: DFBPPR2522 ---- Plant proteins ---- Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase Source.8: DFBPPR2909 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable isoprenylcysteine alpha-carbonyl methylesterase ICME Source.9: DFBPPR3010 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable glucuronosyltransferase Os03g0287800 Source.10: DFBPPR3125 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative alpha-L-fucosidase 1 Source.11: DFBPPR3653 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein YABBY 7 Source.12: DFBPPR4072 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative squamosa promoter-binding-like protein 19 Source.13: DFBPPR4481 ---- Plant proteins ---- Formin-like protein 12 Source.14: DFBPPR4513 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SMAX1-like Source.15: DFBPPR5005 ---- Plant proteins ---- Linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase-4 Source.16: DFBPPR5480 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase large subunit 2, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.17: DFBPPR6157 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ninja-family protein 5 Source.18: DFBPPR7091 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glutamyl-tRNA reductase 3, chloroplastic Source.19: DFBPPR7595 ---- Milk proteins ---- Bile salt-activated lipase Source.20: DFBPPR7641 ---- Milk proteins ---- Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase Source.21: DFBPPR16048 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(I) chain Source.22: DFBPPR16842 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(II) chain Source.23: DFBPPR17024 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter Source.24: DFBPPR17108 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coronin-1A Source.25: DFBPPR17162 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(IV) chain Source.26: DFBPPR17360 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(I) chain Source.27: DFBPPR17597 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 10 Source.28: DFBPPR17952 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myosin light chain kinase 2, skeletal/cardiac muscle Source.29: DFBPPR18029 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-3(IV) chain Source.30: DFBPPR18040 ---- Animal proteins ---- Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase F Source.31: DFBPPR18337 ---- Animal proteins ---- Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha Source.32: DFBPPR18460 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial Source.33: DFBPPR18821 ---- Animal proteins ---- Diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase Source.34: DFBPPR19180 ---- Animal proteins ---- Reticulocalbin-3 Source.35: DFBPPR19307 ---- Animal proteins ---- Microprocessor complex subunit DGCR8 Source.36: DFBPPR20079 ---- Animal proteins ---- Nuclear pore complex protein Nup93 Source.37: DFBPPR20422 ---- Animal proteins ---- WD repeat-containing protein 61 Source.38: DFBPPR20794 ---- Animal proteins ---- Rab-like protein 6 Source.39: DFBPPR20825 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, mitochondrial Source.40: DFBPPR20860 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vesicle-associated membrane protein 5 Source.41: DFBPPR21630 ---- Animal proteins ---- Maspardin Source.42: DFBPPR22449 ---- Animal proteins ---- Complement C1q and tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 Source.43: DFBPPR22519 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 248 Source.44: DFBPPR8800 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 Source.45: DFBPPR9008 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein Source.46: DFBPPR9046 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interferon regulatory factor 3 Source.47: DFBPPR9560 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein maelstrom homolog Source.48: DFBPPR9788 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial Source.49: DFBPPR9955 ---- Animal proteins ---- Progesterone receptor Source.50: DFBPPR9981 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(I) chain Source.51: DFBPPR9985 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(II) chain Source.52: DFBPPR10021 ---- Animal proteins ---- NT-3 growth factor receptor Source.53: DFBPPR10062 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 Source.54: DFBPPR10087 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pituitary homeobox 2 Source.55: DFBPPR10095 ---- Animal proteins ---- Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S Source.56: DFBPPR10160 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-2(I) chain Source.57: DFBPPR10459 ---- Animal proteins ---- Reelin Source.58: DFBPPR10607 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-2(VI) chain Source.59: DFBPPR10661 ---- Animal proteins ---- Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase U Source.60: DFBPPR11129 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein ZIC 1 Source.61: DFBPPR11875 ---- Animal proteins ---- WD repeat-containing protein 61 Source.62: DFBPPR12026 ---- Animal proteins ---- Bridging integrator 2 Source.63: DFBPPR12414 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 Source.64: DFBPPR12416 ---- Animal proteins ---- Oxysterol-binding protein 1 Source.65: DFBPPR12553 ---- Animal proteins ---- Anti-Muellerian hormone type-2 receptor Source.66: DFBPPR12962 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coronin-1B Source.67: DFBPPR13190 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha Source.68: DFBPPR14569 ---- Marine protein ---- Collagen alpha-2(I) chain Source.69: DFBPPR15757 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Copper transport protein 86 Source.70: DFBPPR8039 ---- Plant protein ---- Linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited potent Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 162.30 ± 1.36 μM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Non-bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Porcine skin gelatin was hydrolysed with Aspergillus niger prolyl endoproteinase (An-PEP) to produce an hydrolysate with potent ACE inhibitory activity (mean IC₅₀: 220.2 mg/mL) after 4-h hydrolysis.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

Oral administration (50 mg/kg body weight) of the porcine skin gelatin hydrolysate to spontaneously hypertensive rats resulted in decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 28.89 ± 5.11 and 22.86 ± 5.65 mm Hg, respectively. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were also reduced (25.99 ± 5.66 mm Hg and 53.63 ± 17.67 bpm, respectively).
Aspergillus niger prolyl endoproteinase (An-PEP) hydrolysates of gelatin could be used to develop functional food or nutraceutical products to combat hypertension and its related conditions.

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	O'Keeffe, M.B., Norris, R., Alashi, M.A., Aluko, R.E., FitzGerald, R.J. Peptide identification in a porcine gelatin prolyl endoproteinase hydrolysate with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and hypotensive activity. Journal of Functional Foods. 2017, 34, 77-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.018
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2017