Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1061(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1061
Peptide sequence	LTGP
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Leu-Thr-Gly-Pro

Single-letter amino acid

LTGP

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
387.2244 Da	386.44 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

131.10 ± 1.21 μM

pIC₅₀

-2.118

GRAVY

0.2750^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

75%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Porcine skin gelatin
Precursor protein	Porcine collagen
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0862 ---- Plant proteins ---- bZIP transcription factor 46 Source.2: DFBPPR0954 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat receptor protein kinase MSP1 Source.3: DFBPPR0956 ---- Plant proteins ---- LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase SIK1 Source.4: DFBPPR0966 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase protein FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER1 Source.5: DFBPPR1078 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sucrose transport protein SUT5 Source.6: DFBPPR1091 ---- Plant proteins ---- LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ER1 Source.7: DFBPPR1168 ---- Plant proteins ---- bZIP transcription factor 23 Source.8: DFBPPR1263 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable inactive leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase XIAO Source.9: DFBPPR1270 ---- Plant proteins ---- Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase BRL1 Source.10: DFBPPR1352 ---- Plant proteins ---- Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] 1 Source.11: DFBPPR1378 ---- Plant proteins ---- bZIP transcription factor TRAB1 Source.12: DFBPPR1465 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin efflux carrier component 2 Source.13: DFBPPR1501 ---- Plant proteins ---- Polygalacturonase inhibitor 1 Source.14: DFBPPR1544 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein disulfide isomerase-like 2-3 Source.15: DFBPPR1684 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mixed-linked glucan synthase 2 Source.16: DFBPPR1712 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mixed-linked glucan synthase 4 Source.17: DFBPPR1907 ---- Plant proteins ---- Very-long-chain aldehyde decarbonylase GL1-8 Source.18: DFBPPR2029 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein disulfide isomerase-like 2-1 Source.19: DFBPPR2044 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative mixed-linked glucan synthase 1 Source.20: DFBPPR2073 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 43 Source.21: DFBPPR2166 ---- Plant proteins ---- Eukaryotic translation initiation factor isoform 4G-1 Source.22: DFBPPR2177 ---- Plant proteins ---- Very-long-chain aldehyde decarbonylase GL1-11 Source.23: DFBPPR2206 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat protein 1 Source.24: DFBPPR2527 ---- Plant proteins ---- Two-component response regulator ORR24 Source.25: DFBPPR2824 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative GDP-L-fucose synthase 2 Source.26: DFBPPR2960 ---- Plant proteins ---- 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate--homocysteine methyltransferase 1 Source.27: DFBPPR3030 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ammonium transporter 1 member 3 Source.28: DFBPPR3067 ---- Plant proteins ---- 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate--homocysteine methyltransferase 2 Source.29: DFBPPR3097 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 48 Source.30: DFBPPR3423 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 40 Source.31: DFBPPR3686 ---- Plant proteins ---- NifU-like protein 1, chloroplastic Source.32: DFBPPR3739 ---- Plant proteins ---- Kinesin-like protein KIN-14B Source.33: DFBPPR4158 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable auxin efflux carrier component 1c Source.34: DFBPPR4303 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 17 Source.35: DFBPPR4586 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein MEI2-like 2 Source.36: DFBPPR4725 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 19 Source.37: DFBPPR4977 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase protein CLV1B Source.38: DFBPPR5013 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase protein CLV1a Source.39: DFBPPR5147 ---- Plant proteins ---- Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] Source.40: DFBPPR5425 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase protein THICK TASSEL DWARF1 Source.41: DFBPPR5539 ---- Plant proteins ---- Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] 4AP Source.42: DFBPPR5567 ---- Plant proteins ---- Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] 4A Source.43: DFBPPR6303 ---- Plant proteins ---- Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn], chloroplastic Source.44: DFBPPR6927 ---- Plant proteins ---- Eukaryotic translation initiation factor isoform 4G-1 Source.45: DFBPPR6952 ---- Plant proteins ---- Eukaryotic translation initiation factor isoform 4G-2 Source.46: DFBPPR7174 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I reaction center subunit XI, chloroplastic Source.47: DFBPPR16048 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(I) chain Source.48: DFBPPR16114 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-5(IV) chain Source.49: DFBPPR16193 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1 Source.50: DFBPPR16211 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysine-specific demethylase 5C Source.51: DFBPPR16221 ---- Animal proteins ---- Xylosyltransferase 2 Source.52: DFBPPR16646 ---- Animal proteins ---- AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 5B Source.53: DFBPPR16842 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(II) chain Source.54: DFBPPR17360 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(I) chain Source.55: DFBPPR17426 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit Source.56: DFBPPR17474 ---- Animal proteins ---- AFG3-like protein 2 Source.57: DFBPPR17594 ---- Animal proteins ---- E-selectin Source.58: DFBPPR17613 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain Source.59: DFBPPR17881 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myoblast determination protein 1 Source.60: DFBPPR18222 ---- Animal proteins ---- Xylosyltransferase 2 Source.61: DFBPPR18442 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase Source.62: DFBPPR18463 ---- Animal proteins ---- Secretogranin-2 Source.63: DFBPPR18582 ---- Animal proteins ---- Retinol-binding protein 3 Source.64: DFBPPR18611 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tribbles homolog 3 Source.65: DFBPPR18648 ---- Animal proteins ---- Proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 Source.66: DFBPPR19025 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial Source.67: DFBPPR19047 ---- Animal proteins ---- 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 Source.68: DFBPPR19090 ---- Animal proteins ---- KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 2 Source.69: DFBPPR19357 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-2(IX) chain Source.70: DFBPPR19455 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tropomodulin-1 Source.71: DFBPPR19669 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cullin-associated NEDD8-dissociated protein 1 Source.72: DFBPPR19730 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tensin-1 Source.73: DFBPPR19813 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 gamma Source.74: DFBPPR20051 ---- Animal proteins ---- 28S ribosomal protein S18a, mitochondrial Source.75: DFBPPR20173 ---- Animal proteins ---- Poly(rC)-binding protein 1 Source.76: DFBPPR20263 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 54 Source.77: DFBPPR20408 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phospholipid scramblase 2 Source.78: DFBPPR20495 ---- Animal proteins ---- Spliceosome-associated protein CWC15 homolog Source.79: DFBPPR20577 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-interacting protein Source.80: DFBPPR20914 ---- Animal proteins ---- AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 5B Source.81: DFBPPR21074 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cancer-related nucleoside-triphosphatase homolog Source.82: DFBPPR21513 ---- Animal proteins ---- Profilin-3 Source.83: DFBPPR21531 ---- Animal proteins ---- 60S ribosomal protein L13 Source.84: DFBPPR21618 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vacuolar fusion protein CCZ1 homolog Source.85: DFBPPR21973 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein FAM234A Source.86: DFBPPR22023 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myotubularin-related protein 9-like Source.87: DFBPPR22088 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein YIPF7 Source.88: DFBPPR22551 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation factor-like protein Source.89: DFBPPR8557 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1 Source.90: DFBPPR8753 ---- Animal proteins ---- Androgen receptor Source.91: DFBPPR8766 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myoblast determination protein 1 Source.92: DFBPPR8843 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pepsin A Source.93: DFBPPR9105 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysine-specific demethylase 5C Source.94: DFBPPR9147 ---- Animal proteins ---- Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase Source.95: DFBPPR9648 ---- Animal proteins ---- Secretogranin-2 Source.96: DFBPPR9884 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cartilage intermediate layer protein 1 Source.97: DFBPPR9981 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(I) chain Source.98: DFBPPR9985 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(II) chain Source.99: DFBPPR10005 ---- Animal proteins ---- Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] Source.100: DFBPPR10175 ---- Animal proteins ---- Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha Source.101: DFBPPR10445 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain Source.102: DFBPPR10467 ---- Animal proteins ---- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Source.103: DFBPPR10660 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tsukushin Source.104: DFBPPR10703 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tensin Source.105: DFBPPR10820 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(IX) chain Source.106: DFBPPR11041 ---- Animal proteins ---- Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7 Source.107: DFBPPR11049 ---- Animal proteins ---- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6 Source.108: DFBPPR11451 ---- Animal proteins ---- Proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 Source.109: DFBPPR11601 ---- Animal proteins ---- TBC domain-containing protein kinase-like protein Source.110: DFBPPR11731 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein polybromo-1 Source.111: DFBPPR12195 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vacuolar fusion protein CCZ1 homolog Source.112: DFBPPR12321 ---- Animal proteins ---- Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B Source.113: DFBPPR12448 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1 Source.114: DFBPPR12755 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pepsin II-2/3 Source.115: DFBPPR12756 ---- Animal proteins ---- Aromatase Source.116: DFBPPR12757 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pepsin II-4 Source.117: DFBPPR12990 ---- Animal proteins ---- Poly(rC)-binding protein 1 Source.118: DFBPPR13242 ---- Animal proteins ---- E-selectin Source.119: DFBPPR13466 ---- Animal proteins ---- KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 2 Source.120: DFBPPR13543 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myoblast determination protein 1 Source.121: DFBPPR14240 ---- Marine protein ---- Otolin-1 Source.122: DFBPPR14328 ---- Marine protein ---- Sulfate adenylyltransferase Source.123: DFBPPR14660 ---- Marine protein ---- Otolin-1 Source.124: DFBPPR15352 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly factor CFD1 Source.125: DFBPPR7932 ---- Plant protein ---- Alpha-1,4 glucan phosphorylase L isozyme, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.126: DFBPPR7943 ---- Plant protein ---- ATP synthase subunit a Source.127: DFBPPR7954 ---- Plant protein ---- Favin
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited potent Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 131.10 ± 1.21 μM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	No prediction can be made about the peptide bitterness. ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])([C@]([H])(O)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Porcine skin gelatin was hydrolysed with Aspergillus niger prolyl endoproteinase (An-PEP) to produce an hydrolysate with potent ACE inhibitory activity (mean IC₅₀: 220.2 mg/mL) after 4-h hydrolysis.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

Oral administration (50 mg/kg body weight) of the porcine skin gelatin hydrolysate to spontaneously hypertensive rats resulted in decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 28.89 ± 5.11 and 22.86 ± 5.65 mm Hg, respectively. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were also reduced (25.99 ± 5.66 mm Hg and 53.63 ± 17.67 bpm, respectively).
Aspergillus niger prolyl endoproteinase (An-PEP) hydrolysates of gelatin could be used to develop functional food or nutraceutical products to combat hypertension and its related conditions.

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	O'Keeffe, M.B., Norris, R., Alashi, M.A., Aluko, R.E., FitzGerald, R.J. Peptide identification in a porcine gelatin prolyl endoproteinase hydrolysate with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and hypotensive activity. Journal of Functional Foods. 2017, 34, 77-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.018
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2017