Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1064(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1064
Peptide sequence	VVGP
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	Antihypertensive activity ^[D1], Multifunctional activity ^[D2]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Val-Val-Gly-Pro

Single-letter amino acid

VVGP

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
371.2295 Da	370.45 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

97.20 ± 1.15 μM

pIC₅₀

-1.988

GRAVY

1.6000^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal
Organism/Source	Porcine skin gelatin
Precursor protein	Porcine collagen
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR1213 ---- Plant proteins ---- Chromatin assembly factor 1 subunit FSM Source.2: DFBPPR1920 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 Source.3: DFBPPR1931 ---- Plant proteins ---- Thioredoxin X, chloroplastic Source.4: DFBPPR2120 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative cyclin-dependent kinase F-2 Source.5: DFBPPR2340 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein NODULATION SIGNALING PATHWAY 1 Source.6: DFBPPR2432 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta' Source.7: DFBPPR2594 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein HAPLESS 2-A Source.8: DFBPPR3196 ---- Plant proteins ---- Nicotianamine synthase 1 Source.9: DFBPPR3340 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-galactosidase 5 Source.10: DFBPPR3431 ---- Plant proteins ---- Squamosa promoter-binding-like protein 2 Source.11: DFBPPR3435 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 49 Source.12: DFBPPR3731 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein phosphatase 2C 8 Source.13: DFBPPR3779 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable nucleoredoxin 2 Source.14: DFBPPR3986 ---- Plant proteins ---- CRS2-associated factor 2, chloroplastic Source.15: DFBPPR3988 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phospholipase A1-II 3 Source.16: DFBPPR4347 ---- Plant proteins ---- Metal transporter Nramp2 Source.17: DFBPPR4824 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative B3 domain-containing protein Os06g0632500 Source.18: DFBPPR4845 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 48 Source.19: DFBPPR4885 ---- Plant proteins ---- REF/SRPP-like protein Os05g0151300/LOC_Os05g05940 Source.20: DFBPPR5137 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome f Source.21: DFBPPR5163 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta' Source.22: DFBPPR5632 ---- Plant proteins ---- CRS2-associated factor 2, chloroplastic Source.23: DFBPPR5702 ---- Plant proteins ---- 1-Cys peroxiredoxin PER1 Source.24: DFBPPR5816 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta' Source.25: DFBPPR5820 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein EGG APPARATUS-1 Source.26: DFBPPR5835 ---- Plant proteins ---- Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Source.27: DFBPPR5999 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aquaporin NIP1-1 Source.28: DFBPPR6807 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta' Source.29: DFBPPR7075 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mugineic-acid 3-dioxygenase Source.30: DFBPPR7177 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta' Source.31: DFBPPR7212 ---- Plant proteins ---- Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Source.32: DFBPPR7521 ---- Plant proteins ---- BURP domain-containing protein BNM2A Source.33: DFBPPR7531 ---- Plant proteins ---- BURP domain-containing protein BNM2C Source.34: DFBPPR16209 ---- Animal proteins ---- Matrix metalloproteinase-9 Source.35: DFBPPR16284 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-2(I) chain Source.36: DFBPPR16583 ---- Animal proteins ---- Taste receptor type 1 member 3 Source.37: DFBPPR16587 ---- Animal proteins ---- B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 Source.38: DFBPPR16739 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lengsin Source.39: DFBPPR16867 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein Source.40: DFBPPR16983 ---- Animal proteins ---- Membrane primary amine oxidase Source.41: DFBPPR17088 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-2(I) chain Source.42: DFBPPR17099 ---- Animal proteins ---- cGMP-gated cation channel alpha-1 Source.43: DFBPPR17111 ---- Animal proteins ---- Primary amine oxidase, liver isozyme Source.44: DFBPPR17112 ---- Animal proteins ---- Primary amine oxidase, liver isozyme Source.45: DFBPPR17123 ---- Animal proteins ---- Retinal guanylyl cyclase 2 Source.46: DFBPPR17353 ---- Animal proteins ---- Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N Source.47: DFBPPR17742 ---- Animal proteins ---- Primary amine oxidase, lung isozyme Source.48: DFBPPR17838 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lon protease homolog, mitochondrial Source.49: DFBPPR18282 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 Source.50: DFBPPR18291 ---- Animal proteins ---- Polyribonucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase Clp1 Source.51: DFBPPR18787 ---- Animal proteins ---- Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoU Source.52: DFBPPR18826 ---- Animal proteins ---- Growth/differentiation factor 6 Source.53: DFBPPR18834 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase Source.54: DFBPPR18865 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(XI) chain Source.55: DFBPPR19033 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-2(XI) chain Source.56: DFBPPR19147 ---- Animal proteins ---- X-linked retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator-interacting protein 1 Source.57: DFBPPR19503 ---- Animal proteins ---- DCN1-like protein 5 Source.58: DFBPPR19559 ---- Animal proteins ---- CCN family member 2 Source.59: DFBPPR19742 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphoglucomutase-1 Source.60: DFBPPR20043 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor-interacting protein 1 Source.61: DFBPPR20049 ---- Animal proteins ---- PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 Source.62: DFBPPR20191 ---- Animal proteins ---- 5-oxoprolinase Source.63: DFBPPR20220 ---- Animal proteins ---- Endosome/lysosome-associated apoptosis and autophagy regulator family member 2 Source.64: DFBPPR20535 ---- Animal proteins ---- FAD-dependent oxidoreductase domain-containing protein 1 Source.65: DFBPPR20590 ---- Animal proteins ---- POU domain class 2-associating factor 1 Source.66: DFBPPR20836 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein RRP5 homolog Source.67: DFBPPR21199 ---- Animal proteins ---- Trans-L-3-hydroxyproline dehydratase Source.68: DFBPPR21419 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein FAM3C Source.69: DFBPPR21449 ---- Animal proteins ---- Magnesium transporter NIPA2 Source.70: DFBPPR21719 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein reprimo Source.71: DFBPPR22159 ---- Animal proteins ---- Fanconi anemia core complex-associated protein 24 Source.72: DFBPPR8774 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tenascin Source.73: DFBPPR9344 ---- Animal proteins ---- Desmoglein-1 Source.74: DFBPPR9361 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein Source.75: DFBPPR9461 ---- Animal proteins ---- CCN family member 2 Source.76: DFBPPR9726 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 Source.77: DFBPPR10123 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ephrin type-A receptor 3 Source.78: DFBPPR10290 ---- Animal proteins ---- Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3 Source.79: DFBPPR10422 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-1(XII) chain Source.80: DFBPPR10615 ---- Animal proteins ---- Polyribonucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase Clp1 Source.81: DFBPPR10715 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lumican Source.82: DFBPPR12252 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphoglucomutase-1 Source.83: DFBPPR12411 ---- Animal proteins ---- Translation initiation factor eIF-2B subunit epsilon Source.84: DFBPPR12416 ---- Animal proteins ---- Oxysterol-binding protein 1 Source.85: DFBPPR12528 ---- Animal proteins ---- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase Source.86: DFBPPR12653 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein Source.87: DFBPPR13691 ---- Animal proteins ---- Deoxyribonuclease-1 Source.88: DFBPPR13898 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 Source.89: DFBPPR14040 ---- Animal proteins ---- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 Source.90: DFBPPR14359 ---- Marine protein ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta' Source.91: DFBPPR14569 ---- Marine protein ---- Collagen alpha-2(I) chain Source.92: DFBPPR14680 ---- Marine protein ---- Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, mitochondrial Source.93: DFBPPR14860 ---- Marine protein ---- Thyrotropin subunit beta Source.94: DFBPPR15172 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Pro-apoptotic serine protease NMA111 Source.95: DFBPPR15201 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Acetyl-CoA hydrolase Source.96: DFBPPR7781 ---- Plant protein ---- ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase Source.97: DFBPPR7809 ---- Plant protein ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta' Source.98: DFBPPR8001 ---- Plant protein ---- Putative anthocyanidin reductase Source.99: DFBPPR8091 ---- Plant protein ---- Cytochrome f Source.100: DFBPPR8221 ---- Plant protein ---- sn-2 acyl-lipid omega-3 desaturase (ferredoxin), chloroplastic Source.101: DFBPPR8241 ---- Plant protein ---- DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta'
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited potent Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 97.20 ± 1.15 μM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Porcine skin gelatin was hydrolysed with Aspergillus niger prolyl endoproteinase (An-PEP) to produce an hydrolysate with potent ACE inhibitory activity (mean IC₅₀: 220.2 mg/mL) after 4-h hydrolysis.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

Oral administration (50 mg/kg body weight) of the porcine skin gelatin hydrolysate to spontaneously hypertensive rats resulted in decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 28.89 ± 5.11 and 22.86 ± 5.65 mm Hg, respectively. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were also reduced (25.99 ± 5.66 mm Hg and 53.63 ± 17.67 bpm, respectively).
Aspergillus niger prolyl endoproteinase (An-PEP) hydrolysates of gelatin could be used to develop functional food or nutraceutical products to combat hypertension and its related conditions.

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPANHY0964
[D2]	DFBPMUFU0533

[D3]

[D4]

[D5]

[D6]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	O'Keeffe, M.B., Norris, R., Alashi, M.A., Aluko, R.E., FitzGerald, R.J. Peptide identification in a porcine gelatin prolyl endoproteinase hydrolysate with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and hypotensive activity. Journal of Functional Foods. 2017, 34, 77-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.018
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2017