Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1305(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1305
Peptide sequence	WAFS
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	Antioxidative activity ^[D1], Multifunctional activity ^[D2]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Trp-Ala-Phe-Ser

Single-letter amino acid

WAFS

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
509.56 Da	509.55 Da ^c

Net charge

Isoelectric point (pI)

6.01

IC₅₀

202 ± 6.87 uM

pIC₅₀

-2.305

GRAVY

0.7250^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

75%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Plant
Organism/Source	Palm kernel
Precursor protein	Palm kernel cake protein
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR1003 ---- Plant proteins ---- Soluble starch synthase 1, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.2: DFBPPR1441 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine protease 1 Source.3: DFBPPR1532 ---- Plant proteins ---- Senescence-specific cysteine protease SAG39 Source.4: DFBPPR1535 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.5: DFBPPR1704 ---- Plant proteins ---- RNA-binding protein Y14B Source.6: DFBPPR2132 ---- Plant proteins ---- Oryzain beta chain Source.7: DFBPPR2364 ---- Plant proteins ---- Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta Source.8: DFBPPR2443 ---- Plant proteins ---- Oryzain alpha chain Source.9: DFBPPR2842 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 6 Source.10: DFBPPR2867 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 1 Source.11: DFBPPR2921 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 3 Source.12: DFBPPR3140 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 51 Source.13: DFBPPR3327 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 9 Source.14: DFBPPR3399 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 4 Source.15: DFBPPR3752 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 7 Source.16: DFBPPR3767 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 8 Source.17: DFBPPR4464 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 4B4 Source.18: DFBPPR4565 ---- Plant proteins ---- CASP-like protein 5B1 Source.19: DFBPPR4920 ---- Plant proteins ---- RNA-binding protein Y14A Source.20: DFBPPR4942 ---- Plant proteins ---- NADP-dependent malic enzyme, chloroplastic Source.21: DFBPPR4997 ---- Plant proteins ---- P34 probable thiol protease Source.22: DFBPPR5047 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.23: DFBPPR5096 ---- Plant proteins ---- Isocitrate lyase 2 Source.24: DFBPPR5464 ---- Plant proteins ---- Alpha-copaene synthase Source.25: DFBPPR5563 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.26: DFBPPR5903 ---- Plant proteins ---- Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta Source.27: DFBPPR6125 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cell number regulator 3 Source.28: DFBPPR6274 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.29: DFBPPR6504 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine proteinase 15A Source.30: DFBPPR6696 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.31: DFBPPR6763 ---- Plant proteins ---- Starch synthase 1, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.32: DFBPPR7065 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.33: DFBPPR7241 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine proteinase EP-B 2 Source.34: DFBPPR7249 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine proteinase EP-B 1 Source.35: DFBPPR7490 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine proteinase COT44 Source.36: DFBPPR15933 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gastric triacylglycerol lipase Source.37: DFBPPR16142 ---- Animal proteins ---- Procathepsin L Source.38: DFBPPR16247 ---- Animal proteins ---- Recoverin Source.39: DFBPPR16280 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vasopressin V2 receptor Source.40: DFBPPR16304 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cathepsin K Source.41: DFBPPR16485 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cathepsin S Source.42: DFBPPR16894 ---- Animal proteins ---- Procathepsin L Source.43: DFBPPR16946 ---- Animal proteins ---- Recoverin Source.44: DFBPPR17339 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pre-mRNA-processing factor 19 Source.45: DFBPPR17830 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vasopressin V2 receptor Source.46: DFBPPR17843 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33B Source.47: DFBPPR18077 ---- Animal proteins ---- Gastric triacylglycerol lipase Source.48: DFBPPR18244 ---- Animal proteins ---- Oviduct-specific glycoprotein Source.49: DFBPPR18263 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neurocalcin-delta Source.50: DFBPPR19289 ---- Animal proteins ---- Somatostatin receptor type 5 Source.51: DFBPPR19568 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuron-specific calcium-binding protein hippocalcin Source.52: DFBPPR20119 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cathepsin L2 Source.53: DFBPPR20465 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hippocalcin-like protein 1 Source.54: DFBPPR21280 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen Source.55: DFBPPR22047 ---- Animal proteins ---- WD repeat-containing protein 6 Source.56: DFBPPR8838 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cathepsin K Source.57: DFBPPR9027 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase 1 Source.58: DFBPPR9164 ---- Animal proteins ---- Oviduct-specific glycoprotein Source.59: DFBPPR9310 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vasopressin V2 receptor Source.60: DFBPPR9494 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuron-specific calcium-binding protein hippocalcin Source.61: DFBPPR9883 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hippocalcin-like protein 1 Source.62: DFBPPR10414 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pre-mRNA-processing factor 19 Source.63: DFBPPR10634 ---- Animal proteins ---- Procathepsin L Source.64: DFBPPR10743 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase 1 Source.65: DFBPPR11454 ---- Animal proteins ---- Calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 Source.66: DFBPPR11660 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cathepsin K Source.67: DFBPPR11715 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hippocalcin-like protein 1 Source.68: DFBPPR11723 ---- Animal proteins ---- Visinin Source.69: DFBPPR11754 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neurocalcin-delta Source.70: DFBPPR12404 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor Source.71: DFBPPR12507 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cathepsin K Source.72: DFBPPR13646 ---- Animal proteins ---- Procathepsin L Source.73: DFBPPR13703 ---- Animal proteins ---- Oviduct-specific glycoprotein Source.74: DFBPPR13944 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hippocalcin-like protein 1 Source.75: DFBPPR14331 ---- Marine protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.76: DFBPPR14532 ---- Marine protein ---- Uncharacterized protein ORF621 Source.77: DFBPPR14813 ---- Marine protein ---- Digestive cysteine proteinase 1 Source.78: DFBPPR14816 ---- Marine protein ---- Digestive cysteine proteinase 3 Source.79: DFBPPR14819 ---- Marine protein ---- Digestive cysteine proteinase 2 Source.80: DFBPPR15117 ---- Microorganism protein ---- ATP-dependent RNA helicase DBP10 Source.81: DFBPPR15329 ---- Microorganism protein ---- GPI mannosyltransferase 2 Source.82: DFBPPR7772 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.83: DFBPPR7992 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.84: DFBPPR8029 ---- Plant protein ---- Vignain Source.85: DFBPPR8044 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 Source.86: DFBPPR8224 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited moderate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 202 ± 6.87 uM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(CC(=CN2)C1=C2C=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CO)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Palm kernel cake proteins was hydrolyzed with Papain.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	The peptide WAFS was degraded at cleavage degrees of 67% after 3 h of incubation with ACE ^[1].
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

The peptide has the potential as ingredients in functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPANOX1019
[D2]	DFBPMUFU0312

[D3]

[D4]

[D5]

[D6]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Zarei, M., Forghani, B., Ebrahimpour, A., Abdul-Hamid, A., Anwar, F., Saari, N. In vitro and in vivo antihypertensive activity of palm kernel cake protein hydrolysates: Sequencing and characterization of potent bioactive peptides. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015, 76, 112-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.040
Other literature(s)	[1] Zarei, M., Abidin, N.B.Z., Auwal, S.M., Chay, S.Y., Haiyee, Z.A., Sikin, A.M., et al. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Peptide Interactions: Inhibition Kinetics, In Silico Molecular Docking and Stability Study of Three Novel Peptides Generated from Palm Kernel Cake Proteins. Biomolecules. 2019, 9.
PubDate	2015