Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1363(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1363
Peptide sequence	VFPS
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Val-Phe-Pro-Ser

Single-letter amino acid

VFPS

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	448.51 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

0.46 uM

pIC₅₀

0.337

GRAVY

1.1500^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

75%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Plant
Organism/Source	Wheat
Precursor protein	Wheat germ hydrolysates
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR1007 ---- Plant proteins ---- Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZ1 Source.2: DFBPPR1287 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA mismatch repair protein MSH5 Source.3: DFBPPR1329 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-8 chain Source.4: DFBPPR1335 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-3 chain Source.5: DFBPPR1429 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-4 chain Source.6: DFBPPR1500 ---- Plant proteins ---- Succinate--CoA ligase [ADP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial Source.7: DFBPPR1562 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-5 chain Source.8: DFBPPR1645 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-7 chain Source.9: DFBPPR1650 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-1 chain Source.10: DFBPPR1660 ---- Plant proteins ---- Magnesium-chelatase subunit ChlH, chloroplastic Source.11: DFBPPR1738 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZFP1 Source.12: DFBPPR1740 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 2 Source.13: DFBPPR1760 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-2 chain Source.14: DFBPPR1776 ---- Plant proteins ---- Lon protease homolog, mitochondrial Source.15: DFBPPR2019 ---- Plant proteins ---- SPX domain-containing protein 5 Source.16: DFBPPR2071 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin response factor 11 Source.17: DFBPPR2097 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-6 chain Source.18: DFBPPR2344 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calcineurin B-like protein 8 Source.19: DFBPPR2379 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine synthase Source.20: DFBPPR2445 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein IRON-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 3 Source.21: DFBPPR2647 ---- Plant proteins ---- Silicon efflux transporter LSI2 Source.22: DFBPPR2751 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-7 Source.23: DFBPPR2763 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-1 Source.24: DFBPPR2862 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine synthase Source.25: DFBPPR2989 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-2 Source.26: DFBPPR3087 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-3 Source.27: DFBPPR3211 ---- Plant proteins ---- Exocyst complex component 5 Source.28: DFBPPR3290 ---- Plant proteins ---- Transport inhibitor response 1-like protein Os05g0150500 Source.29: DFBPPR3300 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calcineurin B-like protein 9 Source.30: DFBPPR3563 ---- Plant proteins ---- Transport inhibitor response 1-like protein Os04g0395600 Source.31: DFBPPR3638 ---- Plant proteins ---- 4-coumarate--CoA ligase-like 6 Source.32: DFBPPR3660 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calcineurin B-like protein 5 Source.33: DFBPPR3803 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable trehalase Source.34: DFBPPR4039 ---- Plant proteins ---- Silicon efflux transporter LSI3 Source.35: DFBPPR4087 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-related protein 4 Source.36: DFBPPR4162 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 6 Source.37: DFBPPR4283 ---- Plant proteins ---- SCAR-like protein 1 Source.38: DFBPPR5065 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta chain Source.39: DFBPPR5088 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-2 chain Source.40: DFBPPR5185 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-1 Source.41: DFBPPR5283 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-3 Source.42: DFBPPR5517 ---- Plant proteins ---- Pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein 10, chloroplastic Source.43: DFBPPR5668 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-1 chain Source.44: DFBPPR5705 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-4 chain Source.45: DFBPPR5711 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-5 chain Source.46: DFBPPR5712 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-7 chain Source.47: DFBPPR5713 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-3 chain Source.48: DFBPPR5714 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-2 chain Source.49: DFBPPR5720 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-8 chain Source.50: DFBPPR5776 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-6 chain Source.51: DFBPPR5819 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem I assembly factor PSA3, chloroplastic Source.52: DFBPPR5841 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-1 Source.53: DFBPPR5848 ---- Plant proteins ---- Methionine S-methyltransferase Source.54: DFBPPR6210 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine synthase Source.55: DFBPPR6356 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-3 chain Source.56: DFBPPR6357 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-2 chain Source.57: DFBPPR6360 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-1 chain Source.58: DFBPPR6550 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-3 Source.59: DFBPPR6551 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-2 Source.60: DFBPPR6552 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-1 Source.61: DFBPPR6743 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-3 chain Source.62: DFBPPR6744 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-5 chain Source.63: DFBPPR6746 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-2 chain Source.64: DFBPPR6747 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-4 chain Source.65: DFBPPR6748 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-1 chain Source.66: DFBPPR6756 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cysteine synthase Source.67: DFBPPR7111 ---- Plant proteins ---- Methionine S-methyltransferase Source.68: DFBPPR7148 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta chain Source.69: DFBPPR7202 ---- Plant proteins ---- UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase Source.70: DFBPPR7594 ---- Milk proteins ---- Lactadherin Source.71: DFBPPR7612 ---- Milk proteins ---- Butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 Source.72: DFBPPR7706 ---- Milk proteins ---- Beta-casein Source.73: DFBPPR7730 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin beta-1 chain Source.74: DFBPPR16188 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.75: DFBPPR16668 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 22 Source.76: DFBPPR16732 ---- Animal proteins ---- HORMA domain-containing protein 2 Source.77: DFBPPR16883 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, aortic smooth muscle Source.78: DFBPPR17154 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 2 Source.79: DFBPPR17155 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 2 Source.80: DFBPPR17321 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial Source.81: DFBPPR17375 ---- Animal proteins ---- Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase Source.82: DFBPPR17514 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, alpha skeletal muscle Source.83: DFBPPR17747 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.84: DFBPPR18495 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle Source.85: DFBPPR18522 ---- Animal proteins ---- POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 Source.86: DFBPPR19114 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein C-ets-2 Source.87: DFBPPR19217 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pre-mRNA-processing factor 6 Source.88: DFBPPR19398 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 18 Source.89: DFBPPR19528 ---- Animal proteins ---- Methionine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic Source.90: DFBPPR20069 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glycogen [starch] synthase, muscle Source.91: DFBPPR20441 ---- Animal proteins ---- 40S ribosomal protein S7 Source.92: DFBPPR20527 ---- Animal proteins ---- Active breakpoint cluster region-related protein Source.93: DFBPPR20550 ---- Animal proteins ---- G-protein coupled receptor family C group 6 member A Source.94: DFBPPR20637 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial mRNA pseudouridine synthase RPUSD3 Source.95: DFBPPR20702 ---- Animal proteins ---- 5-azacytidine-induced protein 2 Source.96: DFBPPR21016 ---- Animal proteins ---- Little elongation complex subunit 2 Source.97: DFBPPR21037 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein 574 Source.98: DFBPPR21564 ---- Animal proteins ---- HORMA domain-containing protein 2 Source.99: DFBPPR22027 ---- Animal proteins ---- F-box/LRR-repeat protein 4 Source.100: DFBPPR22032 ---- Animal proteins ---- Armadillo-like helical domain-containing protein 4 Source.101: DFBPPR22289 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heme-binding protein 1 Source.102: DFBPPR22339 ---- Animal proteins ---- R3H domain-containing protein 2 Source.103: DFBPPR22390 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein unc-93 homolog A Source.104: DFBPPR22525 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein ZBED8 Source.105: DFBPPR8748 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dual oxidase 2 Source.106: DFBPPR8884 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.107: DFBPPR9005 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein amnionless Source.108: DFBPPR9348 ---- Animal proteins ---- 60S ribosomal protein L18 Source.109: DFBPPR9934 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heme-binding protein 1 Source.110: DFBPPR10103 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.111: DFBPPR10319 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 Source.112: DFBPPR10338 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, alpha skeletal muscle Source.113: DFBPPR10431 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, aortic smooth muscle Source.114: DFBPPR10478 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle Source.115: DFBPPR10573 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal-glial cell adhesion molecule Source.116: DFBPPR10777 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic type 5 Source.117: DFBPPR10810 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 2 Source.118: DFBPPR11491 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 53 homolog Source.119: DFBPPR11496 ---- Animal proteins ---- MTOR-associated protein MEAK7 Source.120: DFBPPR11771 ---- Animal proteins ---- Homeobox protein goosecoid Source.121: DFBPPR12204 ---- Animal proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 40 Source.122: DFBPPR12268 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, alpha skeletal muscle Source.123: DFBPPR12298 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial Source.124: DFBPPR12327 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein kinase C zeta type Source.125: DFBPPR12409 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glycogen [starch] synthase, muscle Source.126: DFBPPR12556 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, aortic smooth muscle Source.127: DFBPPR12625 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 4 Source.128: DFBPPR12700 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.129: DFBPPR12701 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.130: DFBPPR13231 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.131: DFBPPR13769 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.132: DFBPPR13996 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, alpha skeletal muscle Source.133: DFBPPR14021 ---- Animal proteins ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.134: DFBPPR14049 ---- Animal proteins ---- Proto-oncogene c-Fos Source.135: DFBPPR14143 ---- Marine protein ---- Actin, cytoplasmic 1 Source.136: DFBPPR14896 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase Source.137: DFBPPR14935 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Actin Source.138: DFBPPR0012 ---- Plant protein ---- Tubulin beta-2 chain Source.139: DFBPPR0013 ---- Plant protein ---- Tubulin beta-1 chain Source.140: DFBPPR7844 ---- Plant protein ---- Actin-1
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited very strong Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 0.46 μM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CO)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The hydrolyzate with the most potent ACE inhibitory activity was obtained by 0.5 wt.%–8 h Bacillus licheniformis alkaline protease hydrolysis after 3.0 wt.%–3 h α-amylase treatment of defatted WG (IC₅₀: 0.37 mg protein ml⁻¹).

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

The purified peptide VFPS is a possible candidate for application as a dietary supplement or as a component of a functional food product.

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Matsui T, Li CH, Osajima Y. Preparation and characterization of novel bioactive peptides responsible for angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition from wheat germ. J Pept Sci. 1999 Jul;5(7):289-97. PMID: 10442764 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1387(199907)5:7<289::AID-PSC196>3.0.CO;2-6
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	1999