Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1495(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1495
Peptide sequence	VVRP
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Val-Val-Arg-Pro

Single-letter amino acid

VVRP

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	469.58 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

11.04 ^c

IC₅₀

81 μM

pIC₅₀

-1.908

GRAVY

0.5750^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

75%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Human
Organism/Source	Human milk protein
Precursor protein	κ-Casein
Residue position	f(62-65)
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0856 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gibberellin 20 oxidase 2 Source.2: DFBPPR1096 ---- Plant proteins ---- Peptide deformylase 1B, chloroplastic Source.3: DFBPPR1169 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phototropin-1A Source.4: DFBPPR1308 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase 4 Source.5: DFBPPR1370 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phototropin-1B Source.6: DFBPPR1488 ---- Plant proteins ---- Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase large chain, chloroplastic Source.7: DFBPPR1888 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytokinin dehydrogenase 11 Source.8: DFBPPR2135 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative DNA ligase 4 Source.9: DFBPPR2174 ---- Plant proteins ---- Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HOX29 Source.10: DFBPPR2278 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger protein CO3 Source.11: DFBPPR2394 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sucrose synthase 5 Source.12: DFBPPR2967 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sucrose synthase 7 Source.13: DFBPPR3015 ---- Plant proteins ---- Expansin-A13 Source.14: DFBPPR3097 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 48 Source.15: DFBPPR3215 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1 Source.16: DFBPPR3416 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.6 Source.17: DFBPPR3520 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 1 Source.18: DFBPPR3846 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase 2 Source.19: DFBPPR4090 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.8 Source.20: DFBPPR4105 ---- Plant proteins ---- Squamosa promoter-binding-like protein 15 Source.21: DFBPPR4137 ---- Plant proteins ---- Casparian strip membrane protein 7 Source.22: DFBPPR4277 ---- Plant proteins ---- Acyl transferase 15 Source.23: DFBPPR4280 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 21 Source.24: DFBPPR4417 ---- Plant proteins ---- Membrane-anchored ubiquitin-fold protein 3 Source.25: DFBPPR4528 ---- Plant proteins ---- Rubisco accumulation factor 1, chloroplastic Source.26: DFBPPR4560 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubby-like F-box protein 10 Source.27: DFBPPR4595 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubby-like F-box protein 9 Source.28: DFBPPR4617 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 1 Source.29: DFBPPR4643 ---- Plant proteins ---- 40S ribosomal protein S7 Source.30: DFBPPR4670 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubby-like F-box protein 1 Source.31: DFBPPR4715 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger A20 and AN1 domain-containing stress-associated protein 2 Source.32: DFBPPR4807 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein MEI2-like 6 Source.33: DFBPPR4917 ---- Plant proteins ---- Gibberellin 20 oxidase 1 Source.34: DFBPPR5046 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inducible nitrate reductase [NADH] 2 Source.35: DFBPPR5485 ---- Plant proteins ---- DIMBOA UDP-glucosyltransferase BX9 Source.36: DFBPPR5496 ---- Plant proteins ---- DIMBOA UDP-glucosyltransferase BX8 Source.37: DFBPPR5731 ---- Plant proteins ---- Rubisco accumulation factor 1, chloroplastic Source.38: DFBPPR5872 ---- Plant proteins ---- 50S ribosomal protein L29, chloroplastic Source.39: DFBPPR5881 ---- Plant proteins ---- Divinyl chlorophyllide a 8-vinyl-reductase, chloroplastic Source.40: DFBPPR6023 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inositol-3-phosphate synthase Source.41: DFBPPR6662 ---- Plant proteins ---- 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase 2, chloroplastic Source.42: DFBPPR6663 ---- Plant proteins ---- 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase 1, chloroplastic Source.43: DFBPPR7285 ---- Plant proteins ---- Inositol-3-phosphate synthase Source.44: DFBPPR7445 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cruciferin CRU1 Source.45: DFBPPR7608 ---- Milk proteins ---- Kappa-casein Source.46: DFBPPR8483 ---- Plant proteins ---- 40S ribosomal protein S7 Source.47: DFBPPR16339 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dynamin-binding protein Source.48: DFBPPR16484 ---- Animal proteins ---- T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain Source.49: DFBPPR17564 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha Source.50: DFBPPR17597 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 10 Source.51: DFBPPR17616 ---- Animal proteins ---- Bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 2 Source.52: DFBPPR18048 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit O, mitochondrial Source.53: DFBPPR18471 ---- Animal proteins ---- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF113A Source.54: DFBPPR18483 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA damage-binding protein 2 Source.55: DFBPPR18582 ---- Animal proteins ---- Retinol-binding protein 3 Source.56: DFBPPR18623 ---- Animal proteins ---- Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial Source.57: DFBPPR18813 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 3, mitochondrial Source.58: DFBPPR18909 ---- Animal proteins ---- Enolase-phosphatase E1 Source.59: DFBPPR19408 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tumor protein p63-regulated gene 1-like protein Source.60: DFBPPR19684 ---- Animal proteins ---- Urotensin-2 receptor Source.61: DFBPPR19839 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein Mdm4 Source.62: DFBPPR20277 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 214 Source.63: DFBPPR20376 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytoplasmic tRNA 2-thiolation protein 2 Source.64: DFBPPR20383 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 7, mitochondrial Source.65: DFBPPR20439 ---- Animal proteins ---- T-cell surface protein tactile Source.66: DFBPPR20617 ---- Animal proteins ---- GTPase-activating protein and VPS9 domain-containing protein 1 Source.67: DFBPPR20673 ---- Animal proteins ---- Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 9 Source.68: DFBPPR20918 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histidine ammonia-lyase Source.69: DFBPPR21002 ---- Animal proteins ---- Olfactomedin-like protein 2B Source.70: DFBPPR21134 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cell division cycle-associated protein 7 Source.71: DFBPPR21483 ---- Animal proteins ---- F-box/LRR-repeat protein 8 Source.72: DFBPPR22026 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytoskeleton-associated protein 2 Source.73: DFBPPR22284 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 184C Source.74: DFBPPR22531 ---- Animal proteins ---- BTB/POZ domain-containing protein 9 Source.75: DFBPPR22555 ---- Animal proteins ---- Bcl-2-like protein 15 Source.76: DFBPPR22566 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin-like protein 4B Source.77: DFBPPR22707 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein FAM160B1 Source.78: DFBPPR8554 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 Source.79: DFBPPR8578 ---- Animal proteins ---- Large proline-rich protein BAG6 Source.80: DFBPPR8733 ---- Animal proteins ---- Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial Source.81: DFBPPR9068 ---- Animal proteins ---- Epididymis-specific alpha-mannosidase Source.82: DFBPPR9361 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein Source.83: DFBPPR9536 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP synthase subunit O, mitochondrial Source.84: DFBPPR9971 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ovotransferrin Source.85: DFBPPR10168 ---- Animal proteins ---- TALPID3 protein Source.86: DFBPPR10245 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histone deacetylase 4 Source.87: DFBPPR10257 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inner centromere protein Source.88: DFBPPR10337 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-tectorin Source.89: DFBPPR10345 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha Source.90: DFBPPR10533 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA repair protein REV1 Source.91: DFBPPR11364 ---- Animal proteins ---- Interleukin-18 Source.92: DFBPPR11773 ---- Animal proteins ---- Rab GTPase-activating protein 1-like Source.93: DFBPPR11974 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adipocyte plasma membrane-associated protein Source.94: DFBPPR11981 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histone deacetylase complex subunit SAP130 Source.95: DFBPPR12126 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 184C Source.96: DFBPPR12324 ---- Animal proteins ---- Androgen receptor Source.97: DFBPPR12756 ---- Animal proteins ---- Aromatase Source.98: DFBPPR13630 ---- Animal proteins ---- Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 Source.99: DFBPPR13663 ---- Animal proteins ---- Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial Source.100: DFBPPR14095 ---- Marine protein ---- Enolase-phosphatase E1 Source.101: DFBPPR14207 ---- Marine protein ---- Ubiquitin-like protein 4A-B Source.102: DFBPPR14208 ---- Marine protein ---- Ubiquitin-like protein 4A-A Source.103: DFBPPR14458 ---- Marine protein ---- 50S ribosomal protein L12, chloroplastic Source.104: DFBPPR14679 ---- Marine protein ---- Otolith matrix protein 1 Source.105: DFBPPR14737 ---- Marine protein ---- Ubiquitin-like protein 4A-B Source.106: DFBPPR14738 ---- Marine protein ---- Ubiquitin-like protein 4A-A Source.107: DFBPPR15493 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Actin-like protein ARP6 Source.108: DFBPPR15593 ---- Microorganism protein ---- SWR1-complex protein 3 Source.109: DFBPPR15714 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Altered inheritance of mitochondria protein 39, mitochondrial
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited potent Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 81 μM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Synthesis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The peptide was synthesized by the stepwise solid-phase method, using Fmoc amino acids and mild acid labile side chain protection.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

N.D

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Kohmura, M., Nio, N., Ariyoshi, Y. Inhibition of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme by Synthetic Peptide Fragments of Human κ-Casein. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 2014, 54, 835-6. DOI: 10.1080/00021369.1990.10870018
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2014