Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1820(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1820
Peptide sequence	VHW
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	Antihypertensive activity ^[D1], Multifunctional activity ^[D2]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Val-His-Trp

Single-letter amino acid

VHW

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
441 Da	440.51 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

7.79 ^c

IC₅₀

0.91 ± 0.31 μM

pIC₅₀

0.041

GRAVY

0.0333^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

66.67%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Plant
Organism/Source	Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris)
Precursor protein	Alpha-tubulin (Q9LRG7)
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0966 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase protein FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER1 Source.2: DFBPPR0976 ---- Plant proteins ---- 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme, chloroplastic/amyloplastic Source.3: DFBPPR1255 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ethylene receptor 3 Source.4: DFBPPR1442 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SCARECROW 1 Source.5: DFBPPR1458 ---- Plant proteins ---- Endoglucanase 9 Source.6: DFBPPR1498 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SCARECROW 2 Source.7: DFBPPR1734 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable mixed-linked glucan synthase 9 Source.8: DFBPPR2013 ---- Plant proteins ---- Laccase-6 Source.9: DFBPPR2020 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.10: DFBPPR2200 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 5 Source.11: DFBPPR2232 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-2 chain Source.12: DFBPPR2249 ---- Plant proteins ---- Proteasome subunit alpha type-3 Source.13: DFBPPR2613 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase 1 Source.14: DFBPPR2746 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 10 Source.15: DFBPPR2809 ---- Plant proteins ---- Retinoblastoma-related protein 1 Source.16: DFBPPR2893 ---- Plant proteins ---- Long chain base biosynthesis protein 1c Source.17: DFBPPR2993 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-glucosidase 5 Source.18: DFBPPR3004 ---- Plant proteins ---- Long chain base biosynthesis protein 1a Source.19: DFBPPR3105 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-glucosidase 21 Source.20: DFBPPR3255 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 6 Source.21: DFBPPR3280 ---- Plant proteins ---- Long chain base biosynthesis protein 1b Source.22: DFBPPR3520 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 1 Source.23: DFBPPR3606 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 7 Source.24: DFBPPR3846 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase 2 Source.25: DFBPPR3895 ---- Plant proteins ---- COBRA-like protein 2 Source.26: DFBPPR4081 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium transporter 25 Source.27: DFBPPR4190 ---- Plant proteins ---- U3 snoRNP-associated protein-like YAOH Source.28: DFBPPR4911 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1 Source.29: DFBPPR5425 ---- Plant proteins ---- Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase protein THICK TASSEL DWARF1 Source.30: DFBPPR5502 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-3 chain Source.31: DFBPPR5509 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.32: DFBPPR5514 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-2 chain Source.33: DFBPPR5523 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1 Source.34: DFBPPR5540 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-5 chain Source.35: DFBPPR5541 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-6 chain Source.36: DFBPPR5578 ---- Plant proteins ---- Anthranilate O-methyltransferase 3 Source.37: DFBPPR5614 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SCARECROW Source.38: DFBPPR5854 ---- Plant proteins ---- Retinoblastoma-related protein 3 Source.39: DFBPPR5959 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ribosomal protein S13, mitochondrial Source.40: DFBPPR6284 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.41: DFBPPR6488 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein SCARECROW Source.42: DFBPPR6654 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1-A Source.43: DFBPPR6701 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha chain Source.44: DFBPPR6722 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1-B Source.45: DFBPPR6739 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1-D Source.46: DFBPPR6883 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ribosomal protein S13, mitochondrial Source.47: DFBPPR7046 ---- Plant proteins ---- Deoxymugineic acid synthase 1 Source.48: DFBPPR7059 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-2 chain Source.49: DFBPPR7064 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-3 chain Source.50: DFBPPR7099 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.51: DFBPPR7631 ---- Milk proteins ---- Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein Source.52: DFBPPR7731 ---- Plant proteins ---- Tubulin alpha chain Source.53: DFBPPR7733 ---- Plant proteins ---- 12S seed storage globulin 2 Source.54: DFBPPR7734 ---- Plant proteins ---- 12S seed storage globulin 1 Source.55: DFBPPR15988 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vascular endothelial growth factor A Source.56: DFBPPR16268 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tissue alpha-L-fucosidase Source.57: DFBPPR16461 ---- Animal proteins ---- InaD-like protein Source.58: DFBPPR16463 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 6 Source.59: DFBPPR16472 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4 Source.60: DFBPPR16779 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta Source.61: DFBPPR16817 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.62: DFBPPR16836 ---- Animal proteins ---- Fibronectin Source.63: DFBPPR16990 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 2 Source.64: DFBPPR17261 ---- Animal proteins ---- NAD-dependent protein lipoamidase sirtuin-4, mitochondrial Source.65: DFBPPR17456 ---- Animal proteins ---- Deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 Source.66: DFBPPR17530 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysosomal acid glucosylceramidase Source.67: DFBPPR17780 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acetylcholinesterase Source.68: DFBPPR17803 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 6 Source.69: DFBPPR17845 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 Source.70: DFBPPR17853 ---- Animal proteins ---- [F-actin]-monooxygenase MICAL3 Source.71: DFBPPR17938 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable phospholipid-transporting ATPase IA Source.72: DFBPPR17994 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7 Source.73: DFBPPR18276 ---- Animal proteins ---- 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 2 Source.74: DFBPPR18309 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-4A chain Source.75: DFBPPR18339 ---- Animal proteins ---- SPARC Source.76: DFBPPR18512 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase Source.77: DFBPPR18527 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-3 chain Source.78: DFBPPR18531 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1C chain Source.79: DFBPPR18532 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1D chain Source.80: DFBPPR18859 ---- Animal proteins ---- Matrix remodeling-associated protein 8 Source.81: DFBPPR18863 ---- Animal proteins ---- Testis-specific Y-encoded protein 1 Source.82: DFBPPR18867 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tissue alpha-L-fucosidase Source.83: DFBPPR18902 ---- Animal proteins ---- Plasmanylethanolamine desaturase Source.84: DFBPPR19122 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 3 Source.85: DFBPPR19173 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 1 Source.86: DFBPPR19193 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 4 Source.87: DFBPPR19209 ---- Animal proteins ---- mRNA export factor Source.88: DFBPPR19833 ---- Animal proteins ---- Contactin-1 Source.89: DFBPPR19922 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-8 chain Source.90: DFBPPR19951 ---- Animal proteins ---- Somatostatin receptor type 2 Source.91: DFBPPR19991 ---- Animal proteins ---- F-box/LRR-repeat protein 5 Source.92: DFBPPR20073 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histidine decarboxylase Source.93: DFBPPR20308 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histone-binding protein RBBP7 Source.94: DFBPPR20514 ---- Animal proteins ---- Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 1, mitochondrial Source.95: DFBPPR20764 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class W protein Source.96: DFBPPR20839 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain-containing 2 Source.97: DFBPPR20994 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1 Source.98: DFBPPR20998 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger protein 821 Source.99: DFBPPR21035 ---- Animal proteins ---- 39S ribosomal protein L38, mitochondrial Source.100: DFBPPR21093 ---- Animal proteins ---- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 3A1 Source.101: DFBPPR21282 ---- Animal proteins ---- Spindle and centriole-associated protein 1 Source.102: DFBPPR21508 ---- Animal proteins ---- GPI transamidase component PIG-S Source.103: DFBPPR21570 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40B Source.104: DFBPPR21972 ---- Animal proteins ---- LRRN4 C-terminal-like protein Source.105: DFBPPR22205 ---- Animal proteins ---- Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 11 Source.106: DFBPPR22493 ---- Animal proteins ---- PC-esterase domain-containing protein 1B Source.107: DFBPPR8544 ---- Animal proteins ---- Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 Source.108: DFBPPR8568 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vascular endothelial growth factor A Source.109: DFBPPR8782 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1A chain Source.110: DFBPPR8790 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1B chain Source.111: DFBPPR8809 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysosomal acid glucosylceramidase Source.112: DFBPPR8868 ---- Animal proteins ---- Somatostatin receptor type 2 Source.113: DFBPPR9289 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 3 Source.114: DFBPPR9338 ---- Animal proteins ---- SPARC Source.115: DFBPPR9967 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle Source.116: DFBPPR9978 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 2 Source.117: DFBPPR10128 ---- Animal proteins ---- Focal adhesion kinase 1 Source.118: DFBPPR10204 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neuronal cell adhesion molecule Source.119: DFBPPR10252 ---- Animal proteins ---- Indian hedgehog protein Source.120: DFBPPR10352 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit beta Source.121: DFBPPR10358 ---- Animal proteins ---- Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase Source.122: DFBPPR10383 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cryptochrome-1 Source.123: DFBPPR10423 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sortilin-related receptor Source.124: DFBPPR10587 ---- Animal proteins ---- Beta-tectorin Source.125: DFBPPR10600 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.126: DFBPPR10654 ---- Animal proteins ---- Fibronectin Source.127: DFBPPR10725 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cryptochrome-2 Source.128: DFBPPR10757 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit epsilon Source.129: DFBPPR10778 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 2 Source.130: DFBPPR10881 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-5 chain Source.131: DFBPPR10957 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hemoglobin subunit rho Source.132: DFBPPR10977 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-2 chain Source.133: DFBPPR11144 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-4 chain Source.134: DFBPPR11151 ---- Animal proteins ---- SPARC Source.135: DFBPPR11154 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tubulin alpha-3 chain Source.136: DFBPPR11170 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histone-binding protein RBBP7 Source.137: DFBPPR11190 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial tRNA-specific 2-thiouridylase 1 Source.138: DFBPPR11393 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 4/5 Source.139: DFBPPR11424 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX55 Source.140: DFBPPR11659 ---- Animal proteins ---- Matrix remodeling-associated protein 8 Source.141: DFBPPR11952 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 1 Source.142: DFBPPR11973 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 3 Source.143: DFBPPR12002 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 6 Source.144: DFBPPR12006 ---- Animal proteins ---- Avidin-related protein 7 Source.145: DFBPPR12155 ---- Animal proteins ---- Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 11 Source.146: DFBPPR12374 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sortilin-related receptor Source.147: DFBPPR12433 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 2 Source.148: DFBPPR12526 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 Source.149: DFBPPR12660 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 9 Source.150: DFBPPR12762 ---- Animal proteins ---- SPARC Source.151: DFBPPR12784 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cadherin-16 Source.152: DFBPPR13170 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 1 Source.153: DFBPPR13207 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vascular endothelial growth factor A Source.154: DFBPPR13227 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 3 Source.155: DFBPPR13228 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.156: DFBPPR13278 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 Source.157: DFBPPR13444 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.158: DFBPPR13595 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.159: DFBPPR13604 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 2 Source.160: DFBPPR13639 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 6 Source.161: DFBPPR13697 ---- Animal proteins ---- Carbonic anhydrase 1 Source.162: DFBPPR13718 ---- Animal proteins ---- Antigen-presenting glycoprotein CD1d Source.163: DFBPPR13730 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase Source.164: DFBPPR13738 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vascular endothelial growth factor A Source.165: DFBPPR13768 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 Source.166: DFBPPR13782 ---- Animal proteins ---- BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor homolog Source.167: DFBPPR13988 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.168: DFBPPR14079 ---- Marine protein ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.169: DFBPPR14167 ---- Marine protein ---- Actin-related protein 8 Source.170: DFBPPR14234 ---- Marine protein ---- Tubulin alpha chain Source.171: DFBPPR14426 ---- Marine protein ---- Probable RuBisCO transcriptional regulator Source.172: DFBPPR14568 ---- Marine protein ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 Source.173: DFBPPR14571 ---- Marine protein ---- Tubulin alpha chain, testis-specific Source.174: DFBPPR14767 ---- Marine protein ---- Hemocyte protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase Source.175: DFBPPR14788 ---- Marine protein ---- Tubulin alpha-3 chain Source.176: DFBPPR14789 ---- Marine protein ---- Tubulin alpha-2 chain Source.177: DFBPPR14790 ---- Marine protein ---- Tubulin alpha-1 chain Source.178: DFBPPR14985 ---- Microorganism protein ---- ATP-dependent DNA helicase MPH1 Source.179: DFBPPR15200 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Protein SPT3 Source.180: DFBPPR15241 ---- Microorganism protein ---- GPI mannosyltransferase 3 Source.181: DFBPPR15362 ---- Microorganism protein ---- DNA polymerase epsilon subunit B Source.182: DFBPPR15440 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Mitochondrial homologous recombination protein 1 Source.183: DFBPPR15512 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Vacuolar membrane-associated protein IML1 Source.184: DFBPPR8096 ---- Plant protein ---- Erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	(1) The peptide exhibited very strong Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 0.91 ± 0.31 μM, and its ACE inhibitory pattern was shown by Lineweaver–Burk plots to be a non-competitive inhibition pattern (K_i = 0.45 ± 0.11 mM). (2) Molecular docking displayed that VHW formed six hydrogen bonds with active site pockets of ACE.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC1=CN=C-N1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(=CN2)C1=C2C=CC=C1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The ACE inhibitory peptide was in silico screened from the product generated by virtual gastrointestinal digestion of the proteins from C. vulgaris.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	The peptide was demonstrated stable against gastrointestinal digestion and ACE hydrolysis.
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

(1) The best pose of each peptide binding with crystal structure of human tACE (PDB ID: 1O8A) was established according to LibDock score and binding energy.
(2) The purified peptide VHW is a possible candidate for application as a dietary supplement or as a component of a functional food product.

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPANHY0966
[D2]	DFBPMUFU0541

[D3]

[D4]

[D5]

[D6]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Xie J, Chen X, Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Tang YJ, Wei D. Antihypertensive Effects, Molecular Docking Study, and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Assay of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from Chlorella vulgaris. J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Feb 14;66(6):1359-1368. PMID: 29345929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04294
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2018