Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1826(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1826
Peptide sequence	PIW
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	N.D

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Pro-Ile-Trp

Single-letter amino acid

PIW

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
414 Da	414.50 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

590 ± 20 μM

pIC₅₀

-2.771

GRAVY

0.6667^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Plant
Organism/Source	Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris)
Precursor protein	Photosystem II protein D1 (P56318); Heat shock protein 90 (M4HPI0)
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0810 ---- Plant proteins ---- APETALA2-like protein 1 Source.2: DFBPPR0951 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calpain-type cysteine protease ADL1 Source.3: DFBPPR0973 ---- Plant proteins ---- Polyamine oxidase 7 Source.4: DFBPPR0995 ---- Plant proteins ---- Transcription factor TDR Source.5: DFBPPR1006 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit 4 [UDP-forming] Source.6: DFBPPR1086 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 46 Source.7: DFBPPR1144 ---- Plant proteins ---- Meiotic recombination protein SPO11-4 Source.8: DFBPPR1161 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.9: DFBPPR1277 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit 8 [UDP-forming] Source.10: DFBPPR1369 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit 1 [UDP-forming] Source.11: DFBPPR1452 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit 2 [UDP-forming] Source.12: DFBPPR1544 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein disulfide isomerase-like 2-3 Source.13: DFBPPR1817 ---- Plant proteins ---- Heat shock protein 81-3 Source.14: DFBPPR1998 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable pyruvate, phosphate dikinase regulatory protein, chloroplastic Source.15: DFBPPR2107 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable sucrose-phosphate synthase 1 Source.16: DFBPPR2142 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable sucrose-phosphate synthase 4 Source.17: DFBPPR2268 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable glucomannan 4-beta-mannosyltransferase 7 Source.18: DFBPPR2282 ---- Plant proteins ---- Heat shock protein 81-1 Source.19: DFBPPR2334 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable sucrose-phosphate synthase 5 Source.20: DFBPPR2346 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable tocopherol cyclase, chloroplastic Source.21: DFBPPR2378 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable sucrose-phosphate synthase 2 Source.22: DFBPPR2499 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable glucomannan 4-beta-mannosyltransferase 5 Source.23: DFBPPR2542 ---- Plant proteins ---- Heat shock protein 81-2 Source.24: DFBPPR2581 ---- Plant proteins ---- Polyamine oxidase 6 Source.25: DFBPPR2691 ---- Plant proteins ---- Achilleol B synthase Source.26: DFBPPR2785 ---- Plant proteins ---- Aspartic proteinase Source.27: DFBPPR2821 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 35 Source.28: DFBPPR2828 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 36 Source.29: DFBPPR2845 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 47 Source.30: DFBPPR2846 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 46 Source.31: DFBPPR2961 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable serine acetyltransferase 2 Source.32: DFBPPR2969 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable xyloglucan glycosyltransferase 3 Source.33: DFBPPR3018 ---- Plant proteins ---- Molybdopterin synthase catalytic subunit Source.34: DFBPPR3074 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 53 Source.35: DFBPPR3097 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 48 Source.36: DFBPPR3106 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein HIRA Source.37: DFBPPR3119 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 39 Source.38: DFBPPR3185 ---- Plant proteins ---- Acyl transferase 10 Source.39: DFBPPR3226 ---- Plant proteins ---- Proline transporter 1 Source.40: DFBPPR3360 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cycloartenol synthase Source.41: DFBPPR3423 ---- Plant proteins ---- ABC transporter G family member 40 Source.42: DFBPPR3456 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.43: DFBPPR3506 ---- Plant proteins ---- Growth-regulating factor 12 Source.44: DFBPPR3532 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 4 Source.45: DFBPPR3536 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative auxin transporter-like protein 4 Source.46: DFBPPR3540 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin transporter-like protein 2 Source.47: DFBPPR3610 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin transporter-like protein 1 Source.48: DFBPPR3630 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable anion transporter 6 Source.49: DFBPPR3715 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin transporter-like protein 3 Source.50: DFBPPR3802 ---- Plant proteins ---- Dehydration-responsive element-binding protein 2E Source.51: DFBPPR3878 ---- Plant proteins ---- Growth-regulating factor 10 Source.52: DFBPPR3900 ---- Plant proteins ---- Growth-regulating factor 11 Source.53: DFBPPR4097 ---- Plant proteins ---- Trafficking protein particle complex II-specific subunit 130 homolog Source.54: DFBPPR4130 ---- Plant proteins ---- Two-component response regulator-like PRR95 Source.55: DFBPPR4370 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glucose and ribitol dehydrogenase homolog Source.56: DFBPPR4492 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ammonium transporter 3 member 2 Source.57: DFBPPR4586 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein MEI2-like 2 Source.58: DFBPPR4826 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable protein transport Sec1a Source.59: DFBPPR4831 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 36 Source.60: DFBPPR4993 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.61: DFBPPR5008 ---- Plant proteins ---- Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase subunit alpha, mitochondrial Source.62: DFBPPR5039 ---- Plant proteins ---- Catalase-1/2 Source.63: DFBPPR5074 ---- Plant proteins ---- Phytochrome B Source.64: DFBPPR5082 ---- Plant proteins ---- Catalase-4 Source.65: DFBPPR5086 ---- Plant proteins ---- Catalase-3 Source.66: DFBPPR5381 ---- Plant proteins ---- Polyamine oxidase 1 Source.67: DFBPPR5387 ---- Plant proteins ---- Calpain-type cysteine protease DEK1 Source.68: DFBPPR5394 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.69: DFBPPR5601 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein HIRA Source.70: DFBPPR5699 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sucrose-phosphate synthase Source.71: DFBPPR5826 ---- Plant proteins ---- Heat shock protein 82 Source.72: DFBPPR6018 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable tocopherol cyclase, chloroplastic Source.73: DFBPPR6220 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.74: DFBPPR6260 ---- Plant proteins ---- Delta(24)-sterol reductase Source.75: DFBPPR6648 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.76: DFBPPR6882 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.77: DFBPPR7023 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.78: DFBPPR7170 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.79: DFBPPR7401 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.80: DFBPPR7744 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.81: DFBPPR8202 ---- Plant proteins ---- 16 kDa phloem protein 2 Source.82: DFBPPR8370 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.83: DFBPPR8452 ---- Plant proteins ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.84: DFBPPR16003 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/calcium exchanger 1 Source.85: DFBPPR16045 ---- Animal proteins ---- Endoplasmin Source.86: DFBPPR16063 ---- Animal proteins ---- Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 Source.87: DFBPPR16144 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tight junction protein ZO-3 Source.88: DFBPPR16184 ---- Animal proteins ---- C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 Source.89: DFBPPR16259 ---- Animal proteins ---- Galactocerebrosidase Source.90: DFBPPR16778 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prolactin receptor Source.91: DFBPPR16884 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium/calcium exchanger 1 Source.92: DFBPPR16932 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta Source.93: DFBPPR17050 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha Source.94: DFBPPR17228 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lanosterol synthase Source.95: DFBPPR17322 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 Source.96: DFBPPR17325 ---- Animal proteins ---- Macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II Source.97: DFBPPR17348 ---- Animal proteins ---- 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 Source.98: DFBPPR17460 ---- Animal proteins ---- Endoplasmin Source.99: DFBPPR17513 ---- Animal proteins ---- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase Source.100: DFBPPR17551 ---- Animal proteins ---- Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2-interacting protein 1 Source.101: DFBPPR18119 ---- Animal proteins ---- Synaptic vesicular amine transporter Source.102: DFBPPR18120 ---- Animal proteins ---- Synaptic vesicular amine transporter Source.103: DFBPPR18190 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein kinase 25 Source.104: DFBPPR18298 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glucose-6-phosphatase Source.105: DFBPPR18510 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myogenic factor 5 Source.106: DFBPPR18517 ---- Animal proteins ---- Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 Source.107: DFBPPR18699 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysyl oxidase homolog 4 Source.108: DFBPPR18786 ---- Animal proteins ---- Bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase ENPP4 Source.109: DFBPPR18938 ---- Animal proteins ---- C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 Source.110: DFBPPR18988 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase Source.111: DFBPPR19062 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein farnesyltransferase subunit beta Source.112: DFBPPR19071 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collectrin Source.113: DFBPPR19181 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 25 member 33 Source.114: DFBPPR19195 ---- Animal proteins ---- V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a2 Source.115: DFBPPR19221 ---- Animal proteins ---- Rabphilin-3A Source.116: DFBPPR19482 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Q2 Source.117: DFBPPR19674 ---- Animal proteins ---- Nuclear transport factor 2 Source.118: DFBPPR19738 ---- Animal proteins ---- Translocator protein Source.119: DFBPPR19780 ---- Animal proteins ---- Molybdopterin synthase catalytic subunit Source.120: DFBPPR19890 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein N-terminal glutamine amidohydrolase Source.121: DFBPPR19988 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase MINDY-3 Source.122: DFBPPR20302 ---- Animal proteins ---- General transcription factor IIH subunit 3 Source.123: DFBPPR20483 ---- Animal proteins ---- Thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 Source.124: DFBPPR20612 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dolichol kinase Source.125: DFBPPR20694 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1 Source.126: DFBPPR20700 ---- Animal proteins ---- General transcription factor IIE subunit 1 Source.127: DFBPPR20706 ---- Animal proteins ---- Chloride channel CLIC-like protein 1 Source.128: DFBPPR20779 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myelin regulatory factor-like protein Source.129: DFBPPR20812 ---- Animal proteins ---- SEC14-like protein 2 Source.130: DFBPPR21096 ---- Animal proteins ---- Kinesin light chain 4 Source.131: DFBPPR21098 ---- Animal proteins ---- Pre T-cell antigen receptor alpha Source.132: DFBPPR21222 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytosolic carboxypeptidase 3 Source.133: DFBPPR21235 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 231 Source.134: DFBPPR21248 ---- Animal proteins ---- 39S ribosomal protein L4, mitochondrial Source.135: DFBPPR21325 ---- Animal proteins ---- Translocon-associated protein subunit gamma Source.136: DFBPPR21488 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase MINDY-4 Source.137: DFBPPR21802 ---- Animal proteins ---- Antigen WC1.1 Source.138: DFBPPR21955 ---- Animal proteins ---- Calcium-responsive transcription factor Source.139: DFBPPR22232 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 176A Source.140: DFBPPR22302 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein angel homolog 2 Source.141: DFBPPR22355 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glutamine-rich protein 1 Source.142: DFBPPR22360 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial fission regulator 1-like Source.143: DFBPPR22383 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 185B Source.144: DFBPPR22432 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein FAM124B Source.145: DFBPPR22463 ---- Animal proteins ---- T-complex protein 11-like protein 2 Source.146: DFBPPR22572 ---- Animal proteins ---- Maestro heat-like repeat-containing protein family member 1 Source.147: DFBPPR22577 ---- Animal proteins ---- Uncharacterized protein C12orf31 homolog Source.148: DFBPPR8588 ---- Animal proteins ---- Leptin Source.149: DFBPPR8742 ---- Animal proteins ---- Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 Source.150: DFBPPR8786 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha Source.151: DFBPPR8896 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat-stable enterotoxin receptor Source.152: DFBPPR9121 ---- Animal proteins ---- Endoplasmin Source.153: DFBPPR9204 ---- Animal proteins ---- T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1a Source.154: DFBPPR9215 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphomevalonate kinase Source.155: DFBPPR9703 ---- Animal proteins ---- Membrane-associated transporter protein Source.156: DFBPPR9784 ---- Animal proteins ---- Translocator protein Source.157: DFBPPR9836 ---- Animal proteins ---- Forkhead box protein N3 Source.158: DFBPPR10055 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein Wnt-3a Source.159: DFBPPR10077 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha Source.160: DFBPPR10213 ---- Animal proteins ---- Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain-containing protein 5 Source.161: DFBPPR10290 ---- Animal proteins ---- Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3 Source.162: DFBPPR10294 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transcription factor VBP Source.163: DFBPPR10297 ---- Animal proteins ---- Vitellogenin-2 Source.164: DFBPPR10432 ---- Animal proteins ---- Endoplasmin Source.165: DFBPPR10458 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neurofascin Source.166: DFBPPR10488 ---- Animal proteins ---- Sulfite oxidase Source.167: DFBPPR10524 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein disulfide-isomerase Source.168: DFBPPR10958 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat shock cognate protein HSP 90-beta Source.169: DFBPPR10990 ---- Animal proteins ---- Period circadian protein homolog 2 Source.170: DFBPPR11013 ---- Animal proteins ---- Band 3 anion transport protein Source.171: DFBPPR11053 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase Source.172: DFBPPR11418 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 231 Source.173: DFBPPR11530 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable cation-transporting ATPase 13A4 Source.174: DFBPPR11553 ---- Animal proteins ---- V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a1 Source.175: DFBPPR11622 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ammonium transporter Rh type C Source.176: DFBPPR11823 ---- Animal proteins ---- Solute carrier family 25 member 36 Source.177: DFBPPR11964 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein LLP homolog Source.178: DFBPPR12087 ---- Animal proteins ---- Transmembrane protein 121 Source.179: DFBPPR12099 ---- Animal proteins ---- tRNA (guanine(10)-N2)-methyltransferase homolog Source.180: DFBPPR12136 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein PHTF2 Source.181: DFBPPR12237 ---- Animal proteins ---- Thyroid adenoma-associated protein homolog Source.182: DFBPPR12407 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta Source.183: DFBPPR12480 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha Source.184: DFBPPR12528 ---- Animal proteins ---- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase Source.185: DFBPPR12548 ---- Animal proteins ---- C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 Source.186: DFBPPR12710 ---- Animal proteins ---- Endoplasmin Source.187: DFBPPR12742 ---- Animal proteins ---- Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Q2 Source.188: DFBPPR12819 ---- Animal proteins ---- C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 Source.189: DFBPPR12937 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zonadhesin Source.190: DFBPPR13091 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cortactin-binding protein 2 Source.191: DFBPPR13147 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta Source.192: DFBPPR13189 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha Source.193: DFBPPR13826 ---- Animal proteins ---- Translocator protein Source.194: DFBPPR14006 ---- Animal proteins ---- Acyl-CoA desaturase Source.195: DFBPPR14122 ---- Marine protein ---- Galactocerebrosidase Source.196: DFBPPR14286 ---- Marine protein ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.197: DFBPPR14329 ---- Marine protein ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.198: DFBPPR14683 ---- Marine protein ---- Ammonium transporter Rh type C Source.199: DFBPPR14752 ---- Marine protein ---- Proclotting enzyme Source.200: DFBPPR14802 ---- Marine protein ---- Glutamine synthetase Source.201: DFBPPR14925 ---- Microorganism protein ---- 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase Source.202: DFBPPR14940 ---- Microorganism protein ---- CCR4-Not complex 3'-5'-exoribonuclease subunit Ccr4 Source.203: DFBPPR14982 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase PUL2 Source.204: DFBPPR15123 ---- Microorganism protein ---- JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 1 Source.205: DFBPPR15271 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Actin-related protein 4 Source.206: DFBPPR15291 ---- Microorganism protein ---- mRNA-capping enzyme subunit beta Source.207: DFBPPR15329 ---- Microorganism protein ---- GPI mannosyltransferase 2 Source.208: DFBPPR15524 ---- Microorganism protein ---- COP9 signalosome complex subunit 10 Source.209: DFBPPR15606 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Assembly factor CBP4 Source.210: DFBPPR15681 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Protein SWT21 Source.211: DFBPPR15821 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Inosose dehydratase Source.212: DFBPPR15855 ---- Microorganism protein ---- 5-aminolevulinate synthase, mitochondrial Source.213: DFBPPR15888 ---- Marine protein ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.214: DFBPPR7757 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.215: DFBPPR7929 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.216: DFBPPR7948 ---- Plant protein ---- Probable sucrose-phosphate synthase Source.217: DFBPPR7995 ---- Plant protein ---- Light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase subunit B Source.218: DFBPPR8031 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem II protein D1 Source.219: DFBPPR8216 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem II protein D1
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	The peptide exhibited low Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 590 ± 20 μM.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N1[C@@]([H])(CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])([C@]([H])(CC)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CC(=CN2)C1=C2C=CC=C1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	The ACE inhibitory peptide was in silico screened from the product generated by virtual gastrointestinal digestion of the proteins from C. vulgaris.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

N.D

Database cross-references

[D1]

[D2]

[D3]

[D4]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Xie J, Chen X, Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Tang YJ, Wei D. Antihypertensive Effects, Molecular Docking Study, and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Assay of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from Chlorella vulgaris. J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Feb 14;66(6):1359-1368. PMID: 29345929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04294
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2018