Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI1939(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI1939
Peptide sequence	YGGY
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	Antihypertensive activity ^[D1], Multifunctional activity ^[D2]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Tyr-Gly-Gly-Tyr

Single-letter amino acid

YGGY

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	458.47 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.87 ^c

IC₅₀

N.D

pIC₅₀

N.D

GRAVY

-0.8500^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

50%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Plant
Organism/Source	Amaranth seed proteins
Precursor protein	Amaranth glutelins
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR1092 ---- Plant proteins ---- LOB domain-containing protein CRL1 Source.2: DFBPPR2598 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 5 Source.3: DFBPPR2601 ---- Plant proteins ---- Clathrin light chain 1 Source.4: DFBPPR2777 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 3 Source.5: DFBPPR2798 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 6 Source.6: DFBPPR3001 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable high-affinity nitrate transporter 2.4 Source.7: DFBPPR3084 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable metal-nicotianamine transporter YSL13 Source.8: DFBPPR3132 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 Source.9: DFBPPR3382 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin-responsive protein IAA14 Source.10: DFBPPR3386 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin-responsive protein IAA2 Source.11: DFBPPR3475 ---- Plant proteins ---- Homeobox-leucine zipper protein HOX14 Source.12: DFBPPR3683 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable metal-nicotianamine transporter YSL14 Source.13: DFBPPR3706 ---- Plant proteins ---- 17kDa alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor 2 Source.14: DFBPPR3814 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2 Source.15: DFBPPR3817 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-galactosidase 4 Source.16: DFBPPR4052 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-galactosidase 9 Source.17: DFBPPR4132 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 49 Source.18: DFBPPR4184 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 40 Source.19: DFBPPR4580 ---- Plant proteins ---- Ricin B-like lectin R40G3 Source.20: DFBPPR4933 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 7 Source.21: DFBPPR5961 ---- Plant proteins ---- Homeobox protein knotted-1-like 8 Source.22: DFBPPR5966 ---- Plant proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1 Source.23: DFBPPR6389 ---- Plant proteins ---- Auxin-induced protein IAA4 Source.24: DFBPPR6562 ---- Plant proteins ---- Dormancy-associated protein 2 Source.25: DFBPPR7496 ---- Plant proteins ---- AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor BBM1 Source.26: DFBPPR7497 ---- Plant proteins ---- AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor BBM2 Source.27: DFBPPR7527 ---- Plant proteins ---- Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1 Source.28: DFBPPR8437 ---- Plant proteins ---- Linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase Source.29: DFBPPR15953 ---- Animal proteins ---- Occludin Source.30: DFBPPR15962 ---- Animal proteins ---- Bile salt export pump Source.31: DFBPPR16170 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inversin Source.32: DFBPPR16712 ---- Animal proteins ---- RNA-binding protein 47 Source.33: DFBPPR16957 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Source.34: DFBPPR17008 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prolyl endopeptidase FAP Source.35: DFBPPR17576 ---- Animal proteins ---- Fibrillin-1 Source.36: DFBPPR18250 ---- Animal proteins ---- RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 2 Source.37: DFBPPR18780 ---- Animal proteins ---- Homeobox protein Hox-A3 Source.38: DFBPPR18872 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein 6 Source.39: DFBPPR18960 ---- Animal proteins ---- Spondin-1 Source.40: DFBPPR19410 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F Source.41: DFBPPR19450 ---- Animal proteins ---- Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit J Source.42: DFBPPR19473 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 Source.43: DFBPPR19730 ---- Animal proteins ---- Tensin-1 Source.44: DFBPPR19847 ---- Animal proteins ---- Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit C Source.45: DFBPPR20343 ---- Animal proteins ---- RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 1 Source.46: DFBPPR20520 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2 Source.47: DFBPPR20743 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myozenin-1 Source.48: DFBPPR20917 ---- Animal proteins ---- RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 Source.49: DFBPPR21067 ---- Animal proteins ---- LIM and SH3 domain protein 1 Source.50: DFBPPR22172 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX14 Source.51: DFBPPR22689 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein FAM166B Source.52: DFBPPR8536 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Source.53: DFBPPR8971 ---- Animal proteins ---- Fibrillin-1 Source.54: DFBPPR9346 ---- Animal proteins ---- Myozenin-1 Source.55: DFBPPR9603 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 Source.56: DFBPPR10218 ---- Animal proteins ---- Occludin Source.57: DFBPPR10330 ---- Animal proteins ---- Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase eta Source.58: DFBPPR10603 ---- Animal proteins ---- Collagen alpha-3(VI) chain Source.59: DFBPPR11534 ---- Animal proteins ---- Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 80 Source.60: DFBPPR11547 ---- Animal proteins ---- Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit J Source.61: DFBPPR11668 ---- Animal proteins ---- Olfactomedin-like protein 3 Source.62: DFBPPR11679 ---- Animal proteins ---- Spondin-1 Source.63: DFBPPR11820 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lipoma-preferred partner homolog Source.64: DFBPPR11822 ---- Animal proteins ---- Inversin Source.65: DFBPPR11854 ---- Animal proteins ---- Claw keratin Source.66: DFBPPR11892 ---- Animal proteins ---- Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D-like Source.67: DFBPPR12332 ---- Animal proteins ---- Bile salt export pump Source.68: DFBPPR13356 ---- Animal proteins ---- Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 Source.69: DFBPPR14794 ---- Marine protein ---- Hemocyanin C chain Source.70: DFBPPR14913 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Serine/threonine-protein kinase CBK1 Source.71: DFBPPR7756 ---- Plant protein ---- P-(S)-hydroxymandelonitrile lyase Source.72: DFBPPR8129 ---- Plant protein ---- Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1
Link-research Inductive analysis	Link 1: DFBPACEI0547----Grains----Sake

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	Amaranth trypsin-digested glutelins induce endothelial NO production and consequent vasodilation through their ACE-inhibitory activity. The peptide YGGY was isolated from the highest active fraction, so the peptide was a potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory peptide (No valid IC₅₀ value was determined in this study).
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@]([H])(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Native amaranth glutelins were digested with trypsin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1:10 (w/w) for 10 h at 37 ℃.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

Amaranth trypsin-digested glutelins have a high potential as a nutraceutical food in prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPANHY0860
[D2]	DFBPMUFU0132

[D3]

[D4]

[D5]

[D6]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	de la Rosa AP, Montoya AB, Martínez-Cuevas P, Hernández-Ledesma B, León-Galván MF, De León-Rodríguez A, González C. Tryptic amaranth glutelin digests induce endothelial nitric oxide production through inhibition of ACE: antihypertensive role of amaranth peptides. Nitric Oxide. 2010 Sep 15;23(2):106-11. PMID: 20435155 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.04.006
Other literature(s)	[1] Saito Y, Wanezaki K, Kawato A, et al. Structure and activity of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from sake and sake lees[J]. Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, 1994, 58(10):1767.
PubDate	2010