Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPACEI2230(ACE-inhibitory peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPACEI2230
Peptide sequence	PPLLFAAL
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	ACE-inhibitory peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity
Otheir bioactivity	Antihypertensive activity ^[D1], Multifunctional activity ^[D2]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Pro-Pro-Leu-Leu-Phe-Ala-Ala-Leu

Single-letter amino acid

PPLLFAAL

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
841.05 Da	841.03 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

5.97 ^c

IC₅₀

28 μmol/L

pIC₅₀

-1.447

GRAVY

1.8250^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

100%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Animal, Marine, Fish
Organism/Source	Takifugu flavidus
Precursor protein	Skin protein of Takifugu flavidus
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	No matching precursor protein found
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

ACE-inhibitory activity	(1) The peptide exhibited Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 28 μmol/L (2) The inhibition of PPLLFAAL was non-competitive suppression mode analyzed according to the Lineweaver–Burk plot method.
Specific target protein(s)	Specific Target Protein(s): Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N.D

Preparation method

Mode of preparation

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Enzyme(s)/starter culture

The skins of T. flavidus were hydrolyzed using different enzymes under the corresponding optimal temperature and pH conditions (alcalase, pH 8.0, 55 ℃; neutral protease, pH 7.0, 55 ℃; pepsin, pH 2.0, 37 ℃), with the same enzyme/substrate ratio of 2000 U/g and hydrolysis time of 5 h. Alcalase was indicated that the low-MW peptides were generally more active than high-MW peptides, selected for the generation of ACE-inhibitory peptides from T. flavidus.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	N.D
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

The results suggested that PPLLFAAL may have potential applications in functional foods or pharmaceuticals as an antihypertensive agent.

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPANHY0988
[D2]	DFBPMUFU0640

[D3]

[D4]

[D5]

[D6]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Su Y, Chen S, Cai S, Liu S, Pan N, Su J, Qiao K, Xu M, Chen B, Yang S, Liu Z. A Novel Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Peptide from Takifugu flavidus. Mar Drugs. 2021 Nov 23;19(12):651. PMID: PMC8705986 DOI: 10.3390/md19120651
Other literature(s)	N.D
PubDate	2021