Peptide properties

1Top 2Function-activity relationship 3Calculated physicochemical properties 4Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search 5Biological/Functional activity & target protein 6Taste properties & Structure 7Preparation method 8Stability & Cytotoxicity 9Additional information 10Database cross-references 11Reference(s)

List of peptide properties

DFBP ID - DFBPANHY0443(Antihypertensive peptide)

DFBP ID	DFBPANHY0443
Peptide sequence	IVVE
Type	Native peptide
Peptide/Function name	Antihypertensive peptide

Function-activity relationship

Main bioactivity	Antihypertensive activity
Otheir bioactivity	ACE-inhibitory activity ^[D1], Multifunctional activity ^[D2]

Calculated physicochemical properties

Three-letter amino acid

Ile-Val-Val-Glu

Single-letter amino acid

IVVE

Peptide length

Peptide mass

Experimental mass	Theoretical mass
N.D	458.55 Da ^c

Net charge

0.00 ^c

Isoelectric point (pI)

3.34 ^c

IC₅₀

N.D

pIC₅₀

N.D

GRAVY

2.3500^c

Hydrophilic residue ratio

75%^c

Peptide calculator

Peptide source & Food-borne protein(s) search

Classification	Microalgae
Organism/Source	Chlorella vulgaris
Precursor protein	Chlorella vulgaris powder hydrolysates
Residue position	N.D
Precursor protein(s) search	Source.1: DFBPPR0942 ---- Plant proteins ---- Lysine-specific demethylase JMJ705 Source.2: DFBPPR1345 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cadmium/zinc-transporting ATPase HMA2 Source.3: DFBPPR1347 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable beta-1,4-xylosyltransferase IRX14 Source.4: DFBPPR1454 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable beta-1,4-xylosyltransferase GT43E Source.5: DFBPPR1584 ---- Plant proteins ---- Sucrose-phosphatase 2 Source.6: DFBPPR1683 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable acetolactate synthase 2, chloroplastic Source.7: DFBPPR1759 ---- Plant proteins ---- Endoribonuclease Dicer homolog 2a Source.8: DFBPPR1772 ---- Plant proteins ---- Endoribonuclease Dicer homolog 2b Source.9: DFBPPR1925 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytokinin dehydrogenase 3 Source.10: DFBPPR1965 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA polymerase I B, mitochondrial Source.11: DFBPPR1971 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein disulfide isomerase-like 1-3 Source.12: DFBPPR2099 ---- Plant proteins ---- Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 protein Source.13: DFBPPR2119 ---- Plant proteins ---- Meiotic recombination protein SPO11-2 Source.14: DFBPPR2156 ---- Plant proteins ---- UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 2 Source.15: DFBPPR2277 ---- Plant proteins ---- Protein TOC75, chloroplastic Source.16: DFBPPR2281 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytokinin dehydrogenase 8 Source.17: DFBPPR2291 ---- Plant proteins ---- UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 3 Source.18: DFBPPR2298 ---- Plant proteins ---- UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 4 Source.19: DFBPPR2359 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable ion channel CASTOR Source.20: DFBPPR2367 ---- Plant proteins ---- UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 5 Source.21: DFBPPR2403 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 Source.22: DFBPPR2463 ---- Plant proteins ---- Peptide-N(4)-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase Source.23: DFBPPR2535 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable glucuronosyltransferase Os04g0650300 Source.24: DFBPPR2632 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable 4-coumarate--CoA ligase 4 Source.25: DFBPPR2749 ---- Plant proteins ---- Bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET15 Source.26: DFBPPR2832 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable histone acetyltransferase HAC-like 1 Source.27: DFBPPR2882 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable histone acetyltransferase HAC-like 2 Source.28: DFBPPR2893 ---- Plant proteins ---- Long chain base biosynthesis protein 1c Source.29: DFBPPR3004 ---- Plant proteins ---- Long chain base biosynthesis protein 1a Source.30: DFBPPR3008 ---- Plant proteins ---- Potassium channel KOR1 Source.31: DFBPPR3174 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable 4-coumarate--CoA ligase 5 Source.32: DFBPPR3202 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable 4-coumarate--CoA ligase 3 Source.33: DFBPPR3218 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable lipoxygenase 6 Source.34: DFBPPR3237 ---- Plant proteins ---- Arginine decarboxylase 2 Source.35: DFBPPR3280 ---- Plant proteins ---- Long chain base biosynthesis protein 1b Source.36: DFBPPR3456 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.37: DFBPPR3648 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative lipoxygenase 5 Source.38: DFBPPR3724 ---- Plant proteins ---- Probable cation transporter HKT7 Source.39: DFBPPR3734 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cation transporter HKT8 Source.40: DFBPPR4203 ---- Plant proteins ---- Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 27 Source.41: DFBPPR4422 ---- Plant proteins ---- Thioredoxin-like protein CXXS1 Source.42: DFBPPR4514 ---- Plant proteins ---- Actin-depolymerizing factor 10 Source.43: DFBPPR4636 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative actin-depolymerizing factor 8 Source.44: DFBPPR4742 ---- Plant proteins ---- Putative aldehyde oxidase-like protein Source.45: DFBPPR4929 ---- Plant proteins ---- DNA polymerase I A, chloroplastic Source.46: DFBPPR5053 ---- Plant proteins ---- UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1 Source.47: DFBPPR5078 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 Source.48: DFBPPR5218 ---- Plant proteins ---- Arginine decarboxylase Source.49: DFBPPR5277 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 97B2, chloroplastic Source.50: DFBPPR5391 ---- Plant proteins ---- Glutathione S-transferase 4 Source.51: DFBPPR5483 ---- Plant proteins ---- Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase Source.52: DFBPPR5610 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 Source.53: DFBPPR5796 ---- Plant proteins ---- Shugoshin-1 Source.54: DFBPPR5946 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.55: DFBPPR6312 ---- Plant proteins ---- Mixed-amyrin synthase Source.56: DFBPPR6313 ---- Plant proteins ---- Elongation factor Tu, chloroplastic Source.57: DFBPPR6365 ---- Plant proteins ---- RuBisCO large subunit-binding protein subunit alpha, chloroplastic Source.58: DFBPPR6383 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 Source.59: DFBPPR6471 ---- Plant proteins ---- Beta-amyrin synthase Source.60: DFBPPR6484 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome P450 97B1, chloroplastic Source.61: DFBPPR6542 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.62: DFBPPR6692 ---- Plant proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 Source.63: DFBPPR6719 ---- Plant proteins ---- RuBisCO large subunit-binding protein subunit alpha, chloroplastic Source.64: DFBPPR6882 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.65: DFBPPR6966 ---- Plant proteins ---- Avenin-like b6 Source.66: DFBPPR6969 ---- Plant proteins ---- Avenin-like b7 Source.67: DFBPPR6988 ---- Plant proteins ---- Avenin-like b10 Source.68: DFBPPR6989 ---- Plant proteins ---- Avenin-like b9 Source.69: DFBPPR6990 ---- Plant proteins ---- Avenin-like b8 Source.70: DFBPPR6992 ---- Plant proteins ---- Avenin-like b2 Source.71: DFBPPR6993 ---- Plant proteins ---- Avenin-like b3 Source.72: DFBPPR7170 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.73: DFBPPR7520 ---- Plant proteins ---- 40S ribosomal protein S15a Source.74: DFBPPR7744 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.75: DFBPPR8204 ---- Plant proteins ---- Chaperonin CPN60-2, mitochondrial Source.76: DFBPPR8445 ---- Plant proteins ---- Maturase K Source.77: DFBPPR16031 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit Source.78: DFBPPR16211 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysine-specific demethylase 5C Source.79: DFBPPR16258 ---- Animal proteins ---- Decorin Source.80: DFBPPR16748 ---- Animal proteins ---- Thyroid adenoma-associated protein homolog Source.81: DFBPPR16816 ---- Animal proteins ---- Decorin Source.82: DFBPPR16965 ---- Animal proteins ---- Adseverin Source.83: DFBPPR17102 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dystroglycan Source.84: DFBPPR17103 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dystroglycan Source.85: DFBPPR17344 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neurexin-1 Source.86: DFBPPR17523 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 Source.87: DFBPPR17945 ---- Animal proteins ---- Retinol dehydrogenase 10 Source.88: DFBPPR18161 ---- Animal proteins ---- Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 2 Source.89: DFBPPR18493 ---- Animal proteins ---- H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 7 Source.90: DFBPPR18607 ---- Animal proteins ---- MICOS complex subunit MIC26 Source.91: DFBPPR18719 ---- Animal proteins ---- A-kinase anchor protein 5 Source.92: DFBPPR18887 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger X-chromosomal protein Source.93: DFBPPR19215 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dysferlin Source.94: DFBPPR19749 ---- Animal proteins ---- Prostaglandin reductase-3 Source.95: DFBPPR19799 ---- Animal proteins ---- Migration and invasion enhancer 1 Source.96: DFBPPR19842 ---- Animal proteins ---- ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial Source.97: DFBPPR20315 ---- Animal proteins ---- Probable arginine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial Source.98: DFBPPR20723 ---- Animal proteins ---- Histamine N-methyltransferase Source.99: DFBPPR20840 ---- Animal proteins ---- 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 Source.100: DFBPPR21045 ---- Animal proteins ---- Rho GTPase-activating protein 10 Source.101: DFBPPR21270 ---- Animal proteins ---- Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim21 Source.102: DFBPPR21428 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein LBH Source.103: DFBPPR21747 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger Y-chromosomal protein Source.104: DFBPPR8632 ---- Animal proteins ---- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1 Source.105: DFBPPR8726 ---- Animal proteins ---- Serine-protein kinase ATM Source.106: DFBPPR8748 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dual oxidase 2 Source.107: DFBPPR8772 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dystroglycan Source.108: DFBPPR8806 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cadherin-5 Source.109: DFBPPR9105 ---- Animal proteins ---- Lysine-specific demethylase 5C Source.110: DFBPPR9366 ---- Animal proteins ---- Decorin Source.111: DFBPPR10287 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytosolic phospholipase A2 Source.112: DFBPPR10308 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 Source.113: DFBPPR10337 ---- Animal proteins ---- Alpha-tectorin Source.114: DFBPPR10411 ---- Animal proteins ---- DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit Source.115: DFBPPR10442 ---- Animal proteins ---- Neurexin-1 Source.116: DFBPPR10817 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 Source.117: DFBPPR11122 ---- Animal proteins ---- Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 14 Source.118: DFBPPR12014 ---- Animal proteins ---- Raftlin Source.119: DFBPPR12112 ---- Animal proteins ---- Protein LBH Source.120: DFBPPR12284 ---- Animal proteins ---- Phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta Source.121: DFBPPR12320 ---- Animal proteins ---- Dystroglycan Source.122: DFBPPR12376 ---- Animal proteins ---- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1 Source.123: DFBPPR12432 ---- Animal proteins ---- Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 Source.124: DFBPPR13240 ---- Animal proteins ---- Decorin Source.125: DFBPPR13793 ---- Animal proteins ---- Decorin Source.126: DFBPPR14009 ---- Animal proteins ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 Source.127: DFBPPR14111 ---- Marine protein ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 Source.128: DFBPPR14605 ---- Marine protein ---- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 Source.129: DFBPPR15006 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Lysophospholipase NTE1 Source.130: DFBPPR15097 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator 1 Source.131: DFBPPR15154 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase Source.132: DFBPPR15206 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Neutral trehalase Source.133: DFBPPR15318 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Peroxisomal targeting signal receptor Source.134: DFBPPR15550 ---- Microorganism protein ---- COPII coat assembly protein SEC16 Source.135: DFBPPR15832 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Uncharacterized protein in fgs 3'region Source.136: DFBPPR15876 ---- Microorganism protein ---- Probable DNA-directed RNA polymerase Source.137: DFBPPR7778 ---- Plant protein ---- ATP synthase delta chain, chloroplastic Source.138: DFBPPR7785 ---- Plant protein ---- Alanine--tRNA ligase, chloroplastic/mitochondrial Source.139: DFBPPR7856 ---- Plant protein ---- Maturase K Source.140: DFBPPR7973 ---- Plant protein ---- Maturase K Source.141: DFBPPR7992 ---- Plant protein ---- Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1
Link-research Inductive analysis	There are no literature reports on the discovery of this sequence in other food-source proteins.

Biological/Functional activity & target protein

Antihypertensive activity	A single dose of the peptidic fraction from C. vulgaris (200 mg/kg) significantly reduced SBP to 49.9 mmHg at 1 hour, and this antihypertensive effect continued for 4 hours after administration, the ACE-inhibitor IVVE was isolated from the hydrolysates, so the peptide can be a potential antihypertensive peptide.
Specific target protein(s)	N.D

Taste properties & Structure

Bitterness

Literature report	N.D
Bitter prediction tools	Bitter taste ^prediction

SMILES

N[C@@]([H])([C@]([H])(CC)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@]([H])(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)O

Preparation method

Mode of preparation	Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme(s)/starter culture	Chlorella vulgaris powder was hydrolyzed with Pepsin.

Stability & Cytotoxicity

Peptide stability

Literature report:	N.D
EHP-Tool:	Enzymatic Hydrolysis Prediction Tool (EHP-Tool)

Peptide cytotoxicity

Literature report:	Non-Toxin
Prediction:	ToxinPred

Additional information

N.D

Database cross-references

DFBP

[D1]	DFBPACEI0431
[D2]	DFBPMUFU0120

[D3]

[D4]

[D5]

[D6]

Reference(s)

Primary literature	Suetsuna K, Chen JR. Identification of antihypertensive peptides from peptic digest of two microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis. Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2001 Jul;3(4):305-9. PMID: 14961345 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-001-0012-7
Other literature(s)	[1] Garcia, M.C., et al., Vegetable foods: A cheap source of proteins and peptides with antihypertensive, antioxidant, and other less occurrence bioactivities. Talanta, 2013. 106: p. 328-349. [2] Rosales-Mendoza, S., et al., Engineering production of antihypertensive peptides in plants. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 2013. 112(2): p. 159-169. [3] Hong, F., et al., The antihypertensive effect of peptides: a novel alternative to drugs? Peptides, 2008. 29(6): p. 1062-1071.
PubDate	2001